Research indicates that to effectively participate in today’s global digital information age, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) familiarity is essential for individuals and communities. There is concern, especially amongst developed nations that advances in, and the rapid growth of, ICTs has the possibility of creating a new form of inequality among individuals. The New Zealand ...

Certain causal models involving unmea­ sured variables induce no independence constraints among the observed variables but imply, nevertheless, inequality con­ straints on the observed distribution. This paper derives a general formula for such in­ equality constraints as induced by instru­ mental variables, that is, exogenous vari­ ables that directly affect some variables but not all. With th...

We address the questions of disinvestment (partial privatization) and entry in the context of quantity competition between a partially privatized public bank and a private bank. We find that social welfare improves with entry only when the private banks are more efficient than the public bank. We also determine socially optimum degree of disinvestment and entry.