The debate on the non-philosophical and non-scientific character of classical African intellectual tradition has spread for so long become a dominant locus. In context multicultural relations that currently map shape contours human identity, it is now fashionable to appraise cultures identities not in isolation or with reference uniqueness but terms confluent epistemologies, mutual inter-relate...

Standard possible world semantics for propositional modal lan-guages ignore truth-value gaps. However, simple considerations suggest that it should not be so. In Section 1, I identify what I take to be a correct truth-clause for necessity under the assumption that some possible worlds are incomplete (i.e., “at” which some propositions lack a truthvalue). In Section 2, I build a world semantics,...

Plato’s Symposium stages a playful subversion of paiderastia by philosophia through successive interconnected speeches. Phaedrus and Agathon praise Erōs as god presiding over homoerotic relationships, be it at war or peace. Pausanias Eryximachus distinguish between two Erōtes, being eager to supervise these paiderastic communities even the cosmic harmony. But Aristophanes subverts their perspec...

Why does Socrates drink his hemlock? What motivates his rejection of Crito’s proposal to escape? These and similar questions concerning the decision made by the philosopher gave rise to a considerable number of scholarly inquiries as well as to a whole array of answers. Thus, Greenberg (1965) sought the explanation in Socrates’ “heroic temper”, while Barker (1977) argued for the decisive role o...

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, the largest investor-owned energy utility in the United States, obtains a significant fraction of its electric energy and capacity from hydrogeneration. Although hydro provides valuable flexibility, it is subject to usage limits and must be carefully scheduled. In addition, the amount of energy available from hydro varies widely from year to year, depending...