[1] This study develops an analytical four-stream isosector approximation for solar radiative transfer in a homogeneous canopy, based on the approximation of four spherical sectors of isotropic intensities (constant values for light intensities). Compared to results from a multilayer radiative transfer model, the four-stream isosector approximation substantially improves the accuracy in calcula...

Measurements on the spectral energy distribution of direct solar radiation, made in July 1953, at Sacramento P eak, New Mexico, altitude 9,200 feet are described . Spectral data a re given for wavelengths extending from 299 to 535 millimicrons for ai r masses 0, 1.0,2.0, and 3.0. A determination of atmospheric transmittance as a function of wavelength results in calculated total amounts of ozon...

The paper presents results concerning CVD thin films of transition metals (W and Mo) and their composite structures W02:W and MoOZ:Mo, as well as WO films. The composite structure materials 3 consisting of a suspension of metallic molybdenum or tungsten grains in a host matrix of metal dioxide demonstrate significant solar absorptance coupled with a high infrared reflectance, which is necessary...

This study fabricates p-type Ni1−xO:Li/n-Si heterojunction solar cells (P/n HJSCs) by using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and investigates the effect of substrate temperature on photovoltaic cell properties. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, four point probe, and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared discover the optoelectrical properties of p-Ni1-xO thin films. The results show that...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Noble metallic nanoparticles have prominent optical local-field enhancement and light trapping properties in the visible light region resulting from surface plasmon resonances. RESULTS We investigate the optical spectral properties and the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of two-dimensional distinctive continuous ultrathin gold nanofilms. Experimental results show ...

The effects of droplet size on light scattering by polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Rayleigh-Gans calculations predict that, provided the droplets scatter independently, backscattering will be maximum at wavelength ,'l when the droplet radius is about /2/7. However, correlation effects become noticeable for droplet volume fraction...

Solar cell substrates require high optical transparency but also prefer high optical haze to increase the light scattering and consequently the absorption in the active materials. Unfortunately, there is a trade-off between these optical properties, which is exemplified by common transparent paper substrates exhibiting a transparency of about 90% yet a low optical haze (<20%). In this work, we ...

Diffraction gratings are effective ways of increasing the light absorption of solar cells and the light extraction of light-emitting diodes. In this paper, we show that simplified modal analysis can be used as a conceptual model for understanding the behavior of the diffuse transmittance of lamellar diffraction gratings on infinite substrates. We use simplified modal analysis to predict the opt...

Applications for optical diffusers in space projects are presented which include the functions of reflection, transmittance, and collection. These modes encompass such diverse uses as temperature regulation and ozone concentration monitors. Discussed is the cooperative aspect of diffuse reflectance and environmental stability. Magnesium oxide, sodium chloride and barium sulphate are evaluated i...

A decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in a serious threat to plants, since biologically active short-wavelength ultraviolet-B (UV-B 280–320 nm) radiation will increase even with a relatively small decrease in ozone. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of UV-B enhancements on plants includes reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility ...