A sequence of rainbows is produced in light scattering by a particle of high symmetry in the short-wavelength limit, and a supernumerary interference pattern occurs to one side of each rainbow. Using both a ray-tracing procedure and the Debye-series decomposition of first-order perturbation wave theory, I examine the spacing of the supernumerary maxima and minima as a function of the cylinder r...

In dealing with a dynamic world, people have the ability to maintain selective attention on a subset of moving objects in the environment. Performance in such multiple-object tracking is limited by three primary factors-the number of objects that one can track, the speed at which one can track them, and how close together they can be. We argue that this last limit, of object spacing, is the roo...

Tandemly repeated DNA sequences generated from single synthetic oligonucleotide monomers are useful for many purposes. With conventional ligation procedures low yields and random orientation of oligomers makes cloning of defined repeated sequences difficult. We solved these problems using 2 bp overhangs to direct orientation and random incorporation of linkers containing restriction sites durin...

Short birth spacing continues to be a problem in Uganda and Zimbabwe, resulting in negative infant, child, and maternal health outcomes. This study investigates community-level influences on birth spacing outcomes among women aged 15-49 in Uganda and Zimbabwe, using Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2011 (Uganda) and 2010-2011 (Zimbabwe). Women living in communities with higher mean m...

Absorbance modulation is an approach that enables the localization of light to deep sub-wavelength dimensions by the use of photochromic materials. In this article, we demonstrate the application of absorbance modulation on a transparent (quartz) substrate, which enables patterning of isolated lines of width 60 nm for an exposure wavelength of 325 nm. Furthermore, by moving the optical pattern ...

= 147 words Word Count of Main Text = 5629 words The effects of interword spacing on the eye movements of young and older readers

A two-process theory of the spacing effect in free recall is presented and tested. The first process, differential organization, produces a positive correlation between the spacing of the presentations of repeated words and the number of different retrieval routes that can provide access to the words. The retrieval process interacts with the differential organization to control performance. If ...

Many studies have shown that memory is enhanced when study sessions are spaced apart rather than massed. This spacing effect has been shown to have a lasting benefit to long-term memory when the study phase session follows the encoding session by 24 hours. Using a spacing paradigm we examined the impact of sleep and spacing gaps on long-term declarative memory for Swahili-English word pairs by ...

OBJECTIVE To test three practices introduced to couples for adaptation of a non-permanent modern method of family planning and the role that each partner played during the process. SETTING Urban and sub-urban areas of Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. METHODS 'Behavioral trials' was conducted which is a formative research method in which researcher and participants negotiate behavior(s) that the...

We consider the frequency at which avoided crossings appear in an energy-level structure when an external field is applied to a quantum chaotic system. The distribution of the spacing in the parameter between two adjacent avoided crossings is investigated. Using a random matrix model, we find that the distribution of these spacings is well fitted by a power-law distribution for small spacings. ...