Interval type-2 fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM) clustering methods for remote-sensing data classification are based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets and can effectively handle uncertainty of membership grade. However, most of these methods neglect the spatial information when they are used in image clustering. The spatial information and spectral indices are useful in remote-sensing data classification. Th...

In this article, functional structures on the ovaries of bitches before and after ovulation are evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography information concerning interpretations findings transferred. effect is first step imaging. This shift in frequency transmitted ultrasound. Spectral and/or color easiest most important diagnostic technique assessing ovarian hemodynamic. The angle used by instrume...

Leaf equivalent water thickness (LEWT) is an important indicator of crop water status. Effectively monitoring the water status of wheat under different nitrogen treatments is important for effective water management in precision agriculture. Trends in the variation of LEWT in wheat plants during plant growth were analyzed based on field experiments in which wheat plants under various water and ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate possible associations between cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 67 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. PAD was identified by Doppler ultrasonography: systolic ankle-brachial pressure index <0.9. Cardiovascular autonomic fun...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interobserver reproducibility of vascular indices obtained with three-dimensional power Doppler (3D power Doppler) ultrasonography at the first trimester of gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present reproducibility study involved 32 healthy pregnant women with 7 to 10 weeks and 6 days of gestation. The VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis) method was utili...

BACKGROUND Abnormalities in left ventricular (LV) relaxation and/or increased filling pressures are indicators of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension (HTN). The purpose of this study was to assess clinical use of pulsed wave Doppler, Doppler tissue imaging (DTI), and color M-mode (CMM) indices for determination of diastolic function in patients with HTN. METHODS In all, 278...

BACKGROUND Accurate evaluation of the tricuspid regurgitant (TR) spectral Doppler signal is important during transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) evaluation for pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Contrast enhancement improves Doppler backscatter. However, its incremental benefit with contemporary scanners is less well established. The aim of this study was to assess whether the TR spectral Doppler ...

BACKGROUND Whether mechanical dyssynchrony indices predict reverse remodeling (RR) or clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) remains controversial. This prospective study evaluated whether echocardiographic dyssynchrony indices predict RR or clinical response after CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS Of 184 patients with heart failure with anticipated CRT who were prospectively enr...

Objective: To assess the impacts of dexamethasone given to the mother on fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms of both umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries in pregnancies with normal fetoplacental vascular resistance. Study Design: Prospective Study. Patients and Methods: Pregnant women between 28 weeks and 34 weeks gestation at risk of preterm labour, Preterm birth was anticipated on t...

This paper studies energy and spectral efficient Doppler diversity transmissions in the presence of imperfect channel state information (CSI). Fast time-varying fading in high-mobility communication systems introduces Doppler diversity that can benefit system performance. On the other hand, it is more difficult to estimate and track fast time-varying channel; thus, channel estimation errors mig...