Adjustment programs often emphasize protecting social spending from cuts, and protecting pro-poor spending in particular. Yet the incidence of a fiscal contraction is unclear a priori; endogenous protection of pro-poor spending is possible even when the poor are a powerless minority. The paper turns to evidence for Argentina. Historically, social spending was not protected, though more “pro-poo...

Medicaid spending increased dramatically during the 1990s, driven in part by spending for prescription drugs. From 1990 to 2000, Medicaid drug spending increased from $4.4 billion to over $20 billion, an average annual increase of 16.3 percent. Disabled persons experienced an even greater 20 percent average annual increase. By drug category in 1997 (for 29 States), the highest spending amount w...

Temporal patterns for advertising include constant spending over time, decreasing spending over time and increasing spending over time. This research shows that all these spending patterns emerge at optimality for the same response function dynamics, due to differences in salvage value assumptions. I use these results to develop a methodology for determining the optimal planning horizon length ...

This paper aims to investigate the role of each aggregate spending component in the monetary policy transmission in Indonesia. It assesses the relative strength of the role of each spending component in the monetary policy transmission. In so doing, this study employs the contribution analysis, which is calculated based on the cumulative impulse response of each component of GDP to a monetary p...

Numerous Medicaid hospital spending policies were developed following the passage of the 1981 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. The impact of reimbursement and utilization control policies on Medicaid hospital spending was measured using Medicaid program data for 1977-84. Medicaid prospective reimbursement was found to contain real hospital spending by controlling spending per recipient. Howev...

BACKGROUND The health implications of regional differences in Medicare spending are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether regions with higher Medicare spending achieve better survival, functional status, or satisfaction with care. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING National study of Medicare beneficiaries. PATIENTS Patients hospitalized between 1993 and 1995 for hip fracture (n = 614,503), ...

Executive summary / 1 Introduction / 7 The particular impact of new or " patented " drugs on government health care costs / 8 The impact of all types of drugs on government health care costs / 18 The real cause of unsustainable growth in government health spending / 25 Research suggests that government health spending in Canada is growing at an unsus-tainable pace [Skinner and Rovere, 2006; 200...

This paper explores how features of the electoral and party system affects the composition and efficiency of government spending--specifically government spending on education. In doing so we contribute to the literature the connection between institutions spending on two fronts. First, we move beyond the simple institutional dichotomies that characterize many existing studies (e.g. presidentia...

The change in prevalence and total Veterans Affairs (VA) spending were estimated for 16 chronic condition categories between 2000 and 2008. The drivers of changes in spending also were examined. Chronic conditions were identified through diagnoses in encounter records, and treatment costs per patient were estimated using VA cost data and regression models. The estimated differences in total VA ...

Cost of illness (COI) studies focus on allocating health expenditures to a comprehensive set of diseases. A variety of techniques have been used to allocate spending to diseases. In this paper, we compare spending attributed to diseases using three approaches: one based on the principal diagnosis listed on each encounter’s claim, a second based on all diagnoses listed on the encounter, and a th...