Fiber tractography is a technique capable of depicting the three-dimensional structure and connectivity of nerve fibers using serial magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). To establish fiber tractography and DTI methods in veterinary clinical medicine, we evaluated fiber tractography and DTI parameters: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and fractional anisotropy (FA) value...

Spinal vascular malformations (SVM) are rare diseases in comparison to vascular malforma‐ tions of the brain. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs), also known as Type I spinal arteriovenous malformations, account for 70% of spinal vascular malformations, and are the most common vascular malformations of the spinal cord and its surrounding dura mater; however, they remain relatively unde...

objective(s):spinal cord injury (sci) is one of the most serious clinical diseases and its treatment has been a subject of interest to researchers. there are two important therapeutic strategies in the treatment of sci: replacing lost tissue cells through cells implantation and scar elimination. therefore, in this study we used human adipose-derived stem cells (hadscs) implantation and injectio...

Background: Pediatric demyelinating diseases can affect the optical nerves, spinal cord, brain, brainstem or cerebellum. Their clinical symptoms are associated with location of lesions and may be presented in a monophasic chronic form. The study is considered recently, as its development therapies, especially drugs. even less described literature when compared to adults.

Spinal myoclonus is a rare disorder characterized by myoclonic movements in muscles that originate from several segments of the spinal cord and usually associated with laminectomy, spinal cord injury, post-operative, lumbosacral radiculopathy, spinal extradural block, myelopathy due to demyelination, cervical spondylosis and many other diseases. On rare occasions, it can originate from the peri...

Cervical spinal pain, also will be referred to as cervical spinal hyperesthesia (CSH), is an abnormal clinical sign commonly associated with compressive or inflammatory diseases of the cervical spinal region. Hyperesthesia denotes an unpleasant behavioral response to a nonnoxious stimulus. As part of a routine neurologic examination, spinal hyperesthesia is evaluated by deep palpation of the sp...

Introduction. Spinal anesthesia is one of the oldest and most commonly used regional techniques. It based on injection a local anesthetic into subarachnoid space, during which there transient interruption impulse conduction in spinal nerve roots. Application anesthesia. The use depends following factors: site surgical procedure, type duration degree necessary relaxation, presence accompanying d...

Background: Radiculopathy is defined as nerve root involvement and pressured that causes spinal pain. The problems of the lumbar and cervical disk herniation and diffusion pains are the most common problems in society so that 85% of people take low back pain at least once their life. These problems can be caused by herniated disc or spinal canal stenosis in the lumbar and cervical regions. The...