Spores of a Bacillus subtilis strain with a gerD deletion mutation (Delta gerD) responded much slower than wild-type spores to nutrient germinants, although they did ultimately germinate, outgrow, and form colonies. Spores lacking GerD and nutrient germinant receptors also germinated slowly with nutrients, as did Delta gerD spores in which nutrient receptors were overexpressed. The germination ...

Xanthoria parietina mycobiont was isolated and cultured under axenic conditions. The development of the fungi in aposymbiotic culture depended on the carbon source present in the nutritive medium. The highest development was obtained with 4% glucose in LBM. Nevertheless, the major yield of spore germination was in BBM medium. When the sporulation process was carried out in LBM (without contamin...

Spore formers are bacteria able to survive harsh environmental conditions by differentiating a specialized, highly resistant spore. In Bacillus subtilis, the model system for spore formers, the recently discovered crust and the proteinaceous coat are the external layers that surround the spore and contribute to its survival. The coat is formed by about seventy different proteins assembled and o...

Bacterial endospore dormancy and resistance properties depend on the relative dehydration of the spore core, which is maintained by the spore membrane and its surrounding cortex peptidoglycan wall. During spore germination, the cortex peptidoglycan is rapidly hydrolyzed by lytic enzymes packaged into the dormant spore. The peptidoglycan structures in both dormant and germinating Bacillus anthra...

Among the different types of bacteria being exploited as live vaccines Bacillus endospores have a number of distinct advantagesmost importantly being their heat stability. Typically antigens are displayed on the spore surface or expressed in the germinating spore, i.e., the vegetative cell. Howantigens are delivered by spores can significantly affect the nature of the resulting immune response....

in order to control of penicilluim digitatum fungi in vitro condition, the effect of essential oils of cinnamomum verum, zataria multiflora, mentha pipereta, carum carvi, lavandula officinalis and satureja hortensis on inhibition of spore germination and colony growth at 25,50,75 ppm concentration, was examined. results showed that the cinnamon essential oil had the best effect on inhibition of...

Effects of different carbon sources on growth and production of antifungal agent(s) by Gymnopilus spectabilis were investigated. Different carbon sources including; Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, manitol and sucrose at the concentration of 10 g/l and slow releasing carbon sources including malt extract and soluble starch at the concentration of 2g/l were used. Inhibition of spore germinat...

Spore germination in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is a particularly suitable paradigm for studying the regulation of gene expression because developmentally regulated changes in both protein and mRNA synthesis occur during the synchronous transition from dormant spore to growing ameba. To investigate the regulation of protein synthesis during germination, we labeled activated spores ...

The release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) during the germination of Bacillus subtilis spores by the cationic surfactant dodecylamine exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 9 and a temperature optimum of 60 degrees C. DPA release during dodecylamine germination of B. subtilis spores with fourfold-elevated levels of the SpoVA proteins that have been suggested to be involved in the release of DPA dur...

UNLABELLED The spore-forming obligate anaerobe Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea around the world. In order for C. difficile to cause infection, its metabolically dormant spores must germinate in the gastrointestinal tract. During germination, spores degrade their protective cortex peptidoglycan layers, release dipicolinic acid (DPA), and hydrate their c...