Manganese is a naturally occurring element that constitutes approximately 0.1% of the earth's crust, and low levels of Mn in water, food, and air are ubiquitous. In certain geo-logic regions, long contact times between ground water and bedrock enriched in Mn can lead to locally high levels in the water [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004]. Mn is an essential nutrient, and ingestion...

When regular steam ferry service between Brooklyn and Manhattan began in 1814, the first commuter suburb became possible. 1 Suburbs continued to develop slowly but steadily during the 19th and early 20th centuries, thanks to transportation advances such as commuter trains and streetcars, the innovations of early real estate developers, and the urge to live in pastoral tranquility rather than in...

Urban sprawl in Latin America is described as one of the major problems ‘the growth machine’. As a reaction, most planning policies are based on anti-sprawl narratives, while practice, urban has been thoroughly consolidated by all tiers government. In this paper – and using capital city Chile, Santiago, case study we challenge these politics light emerging environmental values associated meanin...

The population growth in Denpasar City is happening very rapidly due to several factors and aspects of population. growing number people living urban areas with life that take place continuously causes the city no longer be able accommodate all activities. Therefore, there has been development suburban such as Penatih Dangin Puri Village, which become a location for filling space an increasing ...

today each city due to natural limitations, facilities and planning policies has different growth pattern which according to its spread, has different consequences and results. although there is a wide range of urban growth patterns, but the important thing is not diversity and number of models but is the absence of rules and methods of transition from one to another pattern (form). so this art...

Human population growth and associated sprawl has rapidly converted open lands to developed use and affected their distinctive ecological characteristics. Missouri reflects a full range of sprawl characteristics that include large metropolitan centers, which led growth in 1980s, and smaller metropolitan and rural areas, which led growth in 1990s. In order to study the historical patterns of spr...

studies relating form and functions of cities indicate sprawl as an intriguing research issue, especially for certain typologies of cities. although with inherent differences on a local scale, mediterranean cities offer a kaleidoscopic overview of sprawl morphologies that require dedicated monitoring tools. the present study provides an original assessment of recent urbanization processes in th...