The formation mechanism of a spray-coated film is different from that of a spin-coated film. This study employs grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS, respectively) quantitatively and systematically to investigate the hierarchical structure and phase-separated behavior of a spray-deposited blend film. The formation of PCBM clusters involves mutual interacti...

OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing hemodialysis are repeatedly exposed to stress and pain from approximately 300 punctures per year to their arteriovenous fistula. This study was designed to measure pain associated with venepuncture during AVF cannulation and to compare the effectiveness of ethyl chloride vapocoolant spray, topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream and placebo in co...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the use of a vapocoolant blend of pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane (Gebauer's Spray and Stretch) on hip flexion stretching. METHODS Thirty volunteers were randomly assigned to spray and stretch treatment and stretch only control groups. Each group was assessed pre- and posttest on passive and active hip flexion range o...

The electrospray ionization (ESI) method is widely used in the analysis of biological molecules. The stable cone regime spray is usually obtained by the addition to the electrosprayed dipolar fluid of methanol or ethanol with the role of reducing the fluid surface tension. We investigate the spray onset voltages of water-ethanol mixtures of various concentrations starting from distilled water t...

As part of the Survey of Painters and Repairers of Auto bodies by Yale (SPRAY), the determinants of isocyanate exposure in auto body repair shops were evaluated. Measurements (n = 380) of hexamethylene diisocyanate-based monomer and polyisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate-based polyisocyanate were collected from 33 auto body shops. The median total reactive isocyanate concentrations expresse...

nowadays herbicide reduction and different approaches leading to this goal like split application have been brought to attention. two green house experiments were carried out to investigate the efficiency of single and split application of mesosulfuron-methy+iodosulfuron methyl to control wild oat (avena ludoviciana). the influence of applications intervals and the ratios of the two application...

Background: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum - graecum L.) is an annual medicinal plant belongs to the legume family and has anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, anticancer, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and hypocholesterolaemic effects. Objective: Evaluation of growth and trigonelline /mucilage content in fenugreek under application of plant growth regulators (PGR). Methods: The experiment was conduc...

Flashing or thermodynamic breakup of a liquid jet occurs when a pressurized subcooled or saturated liquid is released to a lower pressure, resulting in violent vapor nucleation, expansion, and break up of the liquid phase. Flashing is known to produce very fine droplet atomization, often not possible by traditional mechanical means. In this work, flashing atomization is introduced in a spray bu...

Liquid fuel dispersion in practical systems is typically achieved by spraying the fuel into a polydisperse distribution of droplets evaporating and burning in a turbulent gaseous environment In view of the nearly insurmountable difficulties of this two-phase flow, a systematic study of spray evaporation and burning in configurations of gradually increasing levels of complexity, starting from la...