Optotypes are signs of different sizes, systematically placed on the visual acuity chart. The human eye has a spatial resolution of 1' of arc (Snellen). Optotypes in the basic row on all charts subtend 5' of arc and their detail 1' of arc, from the testing distance. The disadvantage of all classical charts is the irregular progresssion of optotype sizes in adjacent rows. This was solved by logM...

The central importance of HbA(1c) in monitoring glycaemic control was highlighted by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) which showed that improved glycaemic control, as monitored by HbA(1c), delayed the onset of diabetic complications. Following this publication the issue of international standardisation of glycated haemoglobin (GHb) measurements became an important objective. ...

Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Abstract In 2004, the National Patient Safety Agency (NSPA) released a safety alert relating to the management and use of infusion devices in England and W...

Although standards can inhibit innovation under certain circumstances, recent research shows that, more generally, they play critical roles in supporting technological innovation and industrial emergence. Hence, there has been an increasing interest in advancing knowledge of the roles of standards in emerging technologies; however, there is as yet limited understanding of how and when different...

The partial concentration index is a measure of income related inequality purged of the effects of variables which are correlated with health and income. We show that indirect standardisation is likely to underestimate the partial concentration index compared with two methods of direct standardisation. Estimates of partial concentration indices are constructed from a sample of individual patien...

Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Abstract In 2004, the National Patient Safety Agency (NSPA) released a safety alert relating to the management and use of infusion devices in England and W...

The increased demand for more effective sharing of healthcare information to support complex patient pathways crossing organisational boundaries calls for semantic interoperable process-oriented Electronic Patient Record (EPR) systems. It follows the need for common standards to ensure that information is understood and interpreted consistently across various contexts. A considerable body of li...

OBJECTIVE To assess consensual validity, interrater reliability, and criterion validity of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative Functional Diet Scale, a new functional outcome scale intended to capture the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia, as represented by the degree of diet texture restriction recommended for the patient. DESIGN Participants assigned International ...