Unfolding is the ensemble of techniques aimed at resolving inverse, ill-posed problems. A pedagogical introduction to the origin and main problems related to unfolding is presented and used as the the stepping stone towards the illustration of some of the most common techniques that are currently used in particle physics experiments.

Understanding the neural basis of adaptation (repetition suppression) is critical for interpreting fMRI-adaptation experiments. Sawamura and colleagues provide a critical stepping-stone by elucidating the relation between neural adaptation and response selectivity. They find some cross-adaptation by two different stimuli that activate the same neuron.

We use Hamilton's inclusive fitness method to calculate the evolutionarily stable dispersal rate in 1- and 2-dimensional stepping-stone populations. This extends previous results by introducing a positive probability for adults to survive into the next generation and breed again. Relatedness between nearby individuals generally decreases with increasing survival, decreasing competition with kin...

Vredenburgh and colleagues conducted the first phase II study of bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma, confirming the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab. This study, which was published in the February 15, 2007, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, was a stepping stone for subsequent research, leading to regulatory approval of bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma.

Network based attacks have become a serious threat to the critical information infrastructure on which we depend .Identifying the source of the attackers behind the stepping stone(s), it is necessary to correlate the incoming and outgoing flows or connections of a stepping stone. To resist attempts at correlation, the attacker may encrypt or otherwise manipulate the connection traffic. Timing b...

We review and extend results for mutation, selection, genetic drift, and migration in a onedimensional continuous population. The population is described by a continuous limit of the stepping stone model, which leads to the stochastic Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piscounov equation with additional terms describing mutations. Although the stepping stone model was first proposed for population gen...

In the application domain of component-based system design, developing theories which support compositional reasoning is notoriously challenging. We define timed modal specifications, an automata-based formalism combining modal and timed aspects. As a stepping stone to compositional approaches of timed systems, we define the notions of refinement and consistency, and establish their decidability.

Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears in a system without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning. In various areas, simulation is a safe and low-cost alternative to complex problems. We developed a free online simulation tool which computes and displays spatial self-organizing behavior of individuals in a stepping stone environment.

Late in orthodontics' second millennium, we paused to retrace the path that brought us to be practitioners of "the latest and the best" as Angle might have put it. What we thought was state of the art proved to be only a stepping stone along that path. The best was yet to come.