Nutrient enrichment of detritus-based streams increases detrital resource quality for consumers and stimulates breakdown rates of particulate organic carbon (C). The relative importance of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) vs. phosphorus (P) for detrital quality and their effects on microbial- vs. detritivore-mediated detrital breakdown are poorly understood. We tested effects of experimental N ...

Synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are regulated by a family of auxiliary subunits known as transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs). TARPs control the trafficking and gating of AMPARs. However, the number of TARP molecules that assemble within individual AMPAR channels is unknown. Here, we covalently link AMPARs to TARPs to investigate the properties of TARP/AMPAR complexes with k...

The H+:Na+ exchange stoichiometry of NhaA, a sodium-proton antiporter coded by the nhaA gene of Escherichia coli, has been determined using purified NhaA protein reconstituted into sodium-loaded proteoliposomes. One approach involved measuring, in parallel experiments, the Na+ efflux and H+ influx from such proteoliposomes and calculating the stoichiometry from the ratio of these fluxes. A seco...

Oxygenminimum zones (OMZs) are often characterized by nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N:P) ratios far lower than the canonical Redfield ratio. Whereas, the importance of variable stoichiometry in phytoplankton has long been recognized, variations in zooplankton stoichiometry have received much less attention. Here we combine observations from two shipboard mesocosm nutrient enrichment experiments with ...

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. AMPA-type glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory transmission. AMPA receptors assemble with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein (TARP) auxiliary subunits and function as native ion channels. However, the assembly and stoichiometry of AMPA receptor and TARP complexes remain unclear. Here, we developed a nov...

We report on the crystal structure of urea (U) with acetic acid (A), its physical stability and its predictability using computational methods. The crystal structure of urea:acetic acid (U:A) shows hydrogen-bond ribbons and a 1:2 stoichiometry. Crystal structure prediction calculations are presented for two sets of U:A stoichiometries: 1:1 and 1:2. A 1:3 stoichiometry is also partially explored...

The P/2eratio of noncyclic photophosphorylation was investigated in the light of recent reports that it is greater than one and may reflect the existence of two types of electron transport, a phosphorylating and a nonphosphorylating type, superimposed on each other. Our results, obtained under experimental conditions that included those reported to be conducive to high ratios, are consistent wi...

The complexation reaction between salen (Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine) and Cu(II) cations in methanol (MeOH), 2-propanol (2-PrOH), acetonitrile (AN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and chloroform (CHCl3) as nonaqueous solvents at 25º C has been investigated. The stoichiometry and formation constants of complexes have been determined spectrophotometrically and conductometrically by method of continu...

Elucidating subunit stoichiometry of neurotransmitter receptors is preferably carried out in a mammalian expression system where the rules of native protein assembly are strictly obeyed. Although successful in Xenopus oocytes, single subunit counting, manually counting photobleaching steps of GFP-tagged subunits, has been hindered in mammalian cells by high background fluorescence, poor control...

Umbrella stoichiometries are relatively unstable compositions that can be leveraged to promote the formation of unconventional solid III II VI V V state structures. La and Cu in a one to one ratio is such a stoichiometry. The addition of a third metal such as Mo , V , or Ru generates a complex set of potential products. Nonetheless, La Cu MoO forms a single phase because no low energy multiphas...