Using knowledge of the structure of the world to infer value is at the heart of model-based reasoning and relies on a circuit that includes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Some accounts link this to the representation of biological significance or value by neurons in OFC, while other models focus on the representation of associative structure or cognitive maps. Here we tested between these acco...

In both mammals and insects, neurons involved in learning are strongly modulated by the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The GABAA receptor, resistance to dieldrin (Rdl), is highly expressed in the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MBs), a group of neurons playing essential roles in insect olfactory learning. Flies with increased or decreased expression of Rdl in the MBs were generated. Olfactory as...

The associative behaviour of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase has been studied by gel chromatography at neutral pH in 1 M guanidinium chloride and 1 M sodium chloride. In guanidinium chloride both the elution volume and the elution profile of the enzyme are independent of protein concentration, whereas in sodium chloride they are strongly dependent on it. In NaCl the enzyme behaves as expec...

Visual perception is strongly shaped by expectations, but it is poorly understood how such perceptual expectations are learned in our dynamic sensory environment. Here, we applied a Bayesian framework to investigate whether perceptual expectations are continuously updated from different aspects of ongoing experience. In two experiments, human observers performed an associative learning task in ...

Reflex behavior of Hermissenda in response to visual and rotational stimuli is described. It is shown that repeated association of light with rotation modifies the subsequent responses of the animals to light. This modification does not occur after the same period of light or rotation alone. The effect of the associative training is strongly dependent on the amount of daily light with which the...

An R-module M is called strongly noncosingular if it has no nonzero Rad-small (cosingular) homomorphic image in the sense of Harada. It is proven that (1) an R-module M is strongly noncosingular if and only if M is coatomic and noncosingular; (2) a right perfect ring R is Artinian hereditary serial if and only if the class of injective modules coincides with the class of (strongly) noncosingula...

Abstract The synthetic pathways of life’s building blocks are envisaged to be through a series complex prebiotic reactions and processes. However, the strategy compartmentalize concentrate biopolymers under conditions remains elusive. Liquid-liquid phase separation is mechanism by which membraneless organelles form inside cells, has been hypothesized as potential for compartmentalization. Assoc...

This paper studies some geometric aspects of indistinguishability operators (also called similarities and fuzzy equivalences). Concretely, it will be focused on the (geometric) group associated to a T-indistinguishability operator E on X (i.e., the group of all bijective maps h : X 4 X such that E ( x , y) = E(h(x) , h(Y)) b'x, Y E XI. The cases for E being one-dimensional and invariant under t...