in this paper we investigate generalized topologies generated by a subbase ofpreorder relators and consider its application in the concept of the complement. we introducethe notion of principal generalized topologies obtained from the new type of open sets andstudy some of their important properties.

Rough set axiomatization is one aspect of rough set study to characterize rough set theory using dependable and minimal axiom groups. Thus, rough set theory can be studied by logic and axiom system methods. The classic rough set theory is based on equivalent relation, but rough set theory based on reflexive and transitive relation (called quasi-ordering) has wide applications in the real world....

Jan von Plato proposed in 1998 an intuitionist axiomatization of ordered affine geometry consisting 22 axioms. It is shown that axiom I.7, which equivalent to a conjunction four statements, two are redundant, can be replaced with simpler axiom, Plato’s Theorem 3.10.

The durability of the road flexural pavement structure is largelydetermined by performance each layer. One these factors isthe strength and resilience subbase. Compaction inaccordance with applicable standards will produce roads goodquality so that life longer there less damage. Thepurpose this study to analyze carrying capacity using CBR,the value field density sand cone test thecorrelation CB...

♣ Rings . A ring is a non-empty set R with two binary operations ( + , · ) , called addition and multiplication, respectively satisfying : Axiom 1. Closure ( + ) : ∀x, y ∈ R , x + y ∈ R . Axiom 2. Commutative ( + ) : For every x, y ∈ R , x + y = y + x . Axiom 3. Associative ( + ) : ∀x, y, z ∈ R , x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z . Axiom 4. Neutral ( + ) : ∃ θ ∈ R , such that ∀x ∈ R, x + θ = θ + x = x ...