Hydatid cyst, the larval stage of Echinococcus spp., is a common parasitic disease in Iran. The liver and the lungs are the most commonly involved organs. Hydatid cysts have also been reported in bones and soft tissues such as muscle, brain tissue, spleen, thyroid and even in the heart. Hydatid cyst of the inguinal area, resembling a hernia is a rarity presenting at an unusual site. A hyper...

Sudden stops can be characterized by sharp reversals in capital inflows, large declines in output, and steep collapses in real asset prices (Mendoza and Smith, 2009). In almost all recent crises, capital account reversals amounting to more than 10% of an afflicted country’s GDP have occurred (Calvo and Reinhart, 1999 and Nabli, 1999). More specifically, reversals in capital flows to emergin...

Sudden gains in psychotherapy are characterized by large and relatively stable decreases in psychiatric symptoms and have been associated with cognitive shifts in clients and shown to predict superior treatment outcomes in studies of depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine prevalence and impact of sudden gains during a transdiagnostic cogn...

The author explains the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic work-up, and management of sudden deafness. "Sudden" deafness is defined as sensorineural hearing loss of 30 decibels or more in at least 3 contiguous frequencies occurring over less than 3 days. The pathophysiology of sudden deafness is poorly understood. Various theories have been proposed, including those attributing ...