the distal third of the tibia, ankle and heel area is difficult to reconstruct. for small to medium size defects, local flaps are often an easier alternative than free flap. in lower limb surgery, the sural flap is based on this principle and this flap is becoming increasingly popular. the distally based superficial sural artery flap, first described as a distally based neuro skin flap by masqu...

In breast reconstruction using a free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous or deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, the trimming process for the flap area, which is usually the upper portion of the reconstructed breast, is critical to creating a natural-looking breast. In this study, we investigated which subcutaneous fat layer of the abdominal flap benefited most from a well-maintained...

The occipitofrontalis muscle is generally regarded as one muscle composed of two muscle bellies joined through the galea aponeurotica. However, two muscle bellies have different embryological origin, anatomical function and innervations. We report a case of angiosarcoma of the scalp in a 63-year-old man whose MR showed that the superficial fascia overlying the occipital belly becomes the tempor...

BACKGROUND The groin flap, based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery, was the first successful free flap. However, its popularity was lost essentially due to variable arterial anatomy. Clinical applications of perforator flap based on superficial circumflex iliac artery suggest that a dominant perforator based on his deep branch is enough to supply a large groin flap. METHODS Fresh cad...

BACKGROUND Both the aging process and postobesity deformities of the upper extremities are associated with lipodystrophy, loss of muscular mass, weakening of the fascia, and skin laxity. Many different surgical procedures have been described to correct these deformities, but most of them have limitations, particularly with respect to postsurgical scarring. OBJECTIVES The authors present a tec...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to provide anatomic guidance for the extent (technique) of suboccipital node dissection. METHODS Five human cadaver necks (9 sides) were studied. Boundaries were the superior nuchal line and external occipital protuberance (cranial), the nuchal ligament (medial), an imaginary line through C7 (caudal), and the posterior wall of the auditory channel (ant...

OBJECTIVE To present our method for anterior skull base reconstruction after oncological resections. METHODS One hundred nine patients who had undergone 120 anterior skull base resections of tumors (52 malignant [43%], 68 benign [57%]) via the subcranial approach were studied. Limited dural defects were closed primarily or reconstructed using a temporalis fascia. Large anterior skull base def...

Three dogs (Boxer, Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd) between the age of 7-10 years were presented with the history of tumour masses on right caudo-lateral thigh, right cranial forearm and left cranial and caudal thoracic mammary gland region, respectively. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the tumour masses and the sentinel regional lymph nodes were done. Plain radiography was done to ru...

BACKGROUND Reconstruction of irradiated pelvic defects following oncologic resection requires dead-space obliteration to reduce wound healing complications. Although the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap is often the best option for pelvic reconstruction following abdominoperineal resection or pelvic exenteration, donor- and recipient-site complications are common. The authors ...

 Abstract Background: The retroauricular-temporal or Washio flap has been introduced for reconstruction of partial nose and cheek defects, and has many advantages. We decided to evaluate the extended use of this technique in order to repair full thickness nasal defects. Methods: Superficial temporal and retroauricular arteries are identified with Doppler flowmetry. Selection points A, B, C and ...