Responses of individual spinal ganglion neurons, sympathetic ganglion neurons, and motoneurons of frogs to linearly rising currents were investigated utilizing microelectrodes for intracellular stimulation and recording. Spinal ganglion neurons exhibited rapid accommodation to linearly rising currents. Minimal current gradients (MCG's) required to excite these neurons (average value, 106 rheoba...

We used Allan factor analysis to classify time series of the discharges of single presympathetic neurons in the cat medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and of the postganglionic vertebral sympathetic nerve. These time series fell into two classes of fractal-based point processes characterized by statistically self-similar behavior reflecting long-ran...

Cholera toxin B subunit conjugated to saporin (SAP, a ribosomal inactivating protein that binds to and inactivates ribosomes) was injected in both stellate ganglia to evaluate the physiological response to targeted ablation of cardiac sympathetic neurons. Resting cardiac sympathetic activity (cardiac sympathetic tonus), exercise-induced sympathetic activity (heart rate responses to graded exerc...

Classic experiments with peripheral sympathetic neurons established an absolute dependence upon NGF for survival. A forgotten problem is how these become resistant to deprivation of trophic factors. The question whether and can survive in the absence support. However, mechanism not understood switch their phenotype lose on factors, such as BDNF. Here, we approach by considering requirements sup...

There is no life without stress and adaptation to there life. Adaptation requires the intervention of nervous system for proper coordination adjustment intensity response stressful stimuli (stressors). The sympathetic primarily responsible rapid adaptive responses stress, which classic example “fight or flight” response. This mediated by adrenaline secreted from adrenal medulla noradrenaline re...

Sympathetic nerves stimulate cardiac function through the release of norepinephrine and the activation of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptors. The sympathetic innervation of the heart is sculpted during development by chemoattractive factors including nerve growth factor (NGF) and the chemorepulsive factor semaphorin 3a. NGF acts through the TrkA receptor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75...

Neurons in the rostral medullary raphe/parapyramidal region regulate cutaneous sympathetic nerve discharge. Using focal electrical stimulation at different dorsoventral raphe/parapyramidal sites in anesthetized rabbits, we have now demonstrated that increases in ear pinna cutaneous sympathetic nerve discharge can be elicited only from sites within 1 mm of the ventral surface of the medulla. By ...

Sympathetic neurons depend on target-derived neurotrophic cues to control their survival and growth. However, whether sympathetic innervation contributes reciprocally to the development of target tissues is less clear. Here, we report that sympathetic innervation is necessary for the formation of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and for their functional maturation. Genetic or pharmacological...

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the chick are located between the brachial and lumbosacral enlargements of the spinal cord. Their axons exit the spinal cord via their adjacent ventral roots and project rostrally or caudally along the sympathetic trunk to innervate sympathetic ganglia. The projections of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are segmentally specific. Neurons from the 16th cervi...