The glycosaminoglycan content of cartilage is decreased in manganese deficiency in the chick (perosis). The activity of xylosyltransferase, the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of sulphated glycosaminoglycans, was studied in the epiphysial cartilage of 4-week-old chicks which had been maintained since hatching on a manganese-deficient diet. Enzymic activity was measured by the incorpora...

Cervical fractures are rare in paediatric population. In younger children, cervical fractures usually occur above the level of C4; whereas in older population, fractures or dislocations more commonly involve the lower cervical spine. Greater elasticity of intervertebral ligaments and also the spinal vertebrae explains why cervical fractures in paediatric ages are rare. The injury usually result...

Os odontoideum is a rare atlantoaxial abnormality that affects the odontoid process. It has been proposed to be a congenital anomaly due to lack of chondral tissue or failed ossification along the growth line of the proatlas and the first spinal sclerotome, which are the precursors for the future odontoid process [1]. Some authors have argued against this theory and believe that os odontoideum ...

Epiphyseal growth plates developing during skeletal maturation are the most common temporary synchondroses in childhood. The fibrocartilaginous bridge between the superomedial pubic and the inferolateral ischial ossification center is defined as the ischiopubic synchondrosis (IPS). It is considered to be a physiologic developmental stage that can be recognized on conventional radiographs as a f...

BACKGROUND Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a chronic disorder in which patients exhibit involuntary repetitive contractions of neck muscles resulting in abnormal postures or movements. Occasionally, there is also a dystonic head tremor. The underlying mechanisms for cervical dystonia and dystonic tremor are not clear, and treatments are limited. CASE REPORT In the p...

Background: Considering the late ossification potential of spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS), it can be used as a tool to estimate age in adolescents. The time SOS fusion is known vary different populations. Objectives: This study aimed assess degree Iranian individuals, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. Patients and Methods: CBCT images 240 patients (126 females 114 males), a...

Introduction: Pain in the pediatric pelvis is often misinterpreted as an unusual ossification pattern of ischiopubic synchondrosis, also known van neck-odelberg illness. The primary symptom odd hip discomfort one (rarely both), which may come on suddenly or after overusing leg. This pain restrict mobility cause limping. Describe clinical and radiological features this uncommon sometimes misunde...