The authors utilized a cohort study among Seattle injection drug users (IDUs) to assess whether participation in a syringe exchange program was associated with incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Susceptible IDU subjects (187 seronegative for antibody to HCV, and 460 seronegative for core antibody to HBV) were identified in drug treatment, corrections, an...

OBJECTIVE To compare the pain experienced by patients during injections of local anesthesia in the palate using the traditional syringe and the controlled flow technique with the Calaject system. METHOD AND MATERIALS A single-blind, split-mouth, randomized controlled trial was performed. Twenty-five volunteers were recruited in the Dental Hospital of the University of Barcelona, Spain. Each p...

AIM Dental fear and anxiety in early childhood are widely prevalent and contribute to dental problems and behaviour in adulthood. Novel ways to reduce dental fear and anxiety in children are needed. Our aim was to conduct an efficacy trial of a novel Camouflage Syringe to reduce dental fear and anxiety in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY DESIGN randomised controlled trial of efficacy ...

BACKGROUND Unsafe reuse of injection equipment in hospitals is an on-going threat to patient safety in many parts of Africa. The extent of this problem is difficult to measure. Standard WHO injection safety assessment protocols used in the 2003 national injection safety assessment in Cameroon are problematic because health workers often behave differently under the observation of visitors. The ...

BACKGROUND HIV prevalence is high and risky injection practices occur frequently among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Nepal. We explored the correlates of sharing injection equipment (having injected with a needle or syringe previously used by another) among male IDUs in Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS From August to September 2007, we anonymously interviewed 296 male IDUs in Kathmandu, Nepal, usin...

Needle-trap devices (NTDs) are another sorbent-based tool in the haystack of methods used analytical extractions. Syringe needles, similar to those for gas chromatography (GC) injection, can be partially filled with suitable sorbents and extracting collecting volatile organics, followed by injection into a GC instrument via thermal desorption. Although NTDs share many similarities advantages so...

OBJECTIVES HIV/AIDS risk is embodied within multiple levels including structural and social levels. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDU) residing in the area of Tallinn, Estonia in 2007. METHODS A cross-sectional, multilevel design collecting individual-level data--a behaviour survey including data ...