Key Points • Peptide assemblies on MPLAcontaining liposomes induce IgG responses independent of T cells, CD40L, CD28, CD14, and MyD88. • Direct stimulation of B cells through TLR4 and TRIF is required for T cell–independent IgG responses. Immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgG in response to peptides is generally T cell–dependent and vaccination in T cell–deficient individuals is ineffi...

Recently, we have demonstrated that tumor-specific CD4+ Th cell responses can be rapidly induced in advanced melanoma patients by vaccination with peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Most patients showed a T cell reactivity against a melanoma Ag 3 (MAGE-3) peptide (MAGE-3(243-258)), which has been previously found to be presented by HLA-DP4 molecules. To analyze the functional and ...

Accumulating evidence has shown the protective role of CD8+ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) despite controversy over their role in natural immunity. However, the current vaccine BCG is unable to induce sufficient CD8+ T cell responses, especially in the lung. Sendai virus, a respiratory RNA virus, is here engineered firstly as a novel recombinant ant...

Abstract Stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCR) are frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In cell culture and mouse models of CLL, immunogenic epitopes these BCRs were shown to trigger specific T-cell responses control development. These results suggest vaccination autologous BCR-derived peptides as a novel therapy for CLL. See related article by Rovida et al., p. 729

Liver-induced systemic immune tolerance that occurs during chronic hepadnavirus infection is the biggest obstacle for effective viral clearance. Immunotherapeutic reversal of this tolerance is a promising strategy in the clinic but remains to be explored. In this study, using a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-carrier mouse model, we report that IL-12-based vaccination therapy can efficiently reverse sy...

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem, with vaccination likely to be a necessary part of a successful control strategy. Results of the first Phase 2b efficacy trial of a candidate vaccine, MVA85A, evaluated in BCG-vaccinated infants were published last year. Although no improvement in efficacy above BCG alone was seen, cryopreserved samples from this trial provide an oppo...

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is generally prescribed to patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with vaccination introduced to prevent disease complications. However, little is known about the influence of immunization on T cell subsets' distribution during the course of infection. This study aims to identify the impact of viral replication and immunization on naïve, effector...

Individuals who are immunocompromised, including AIDS patients with few CD4(+) T cells, are at increased risk for opportunistic fungal infections. The incidence of such infections is increasing worldwide, meaning that the need for antifungal vaccines is increasing. Although CD4(+) T cells play a dominant role in resistance to many pathogenic fungal infections, we have previously shown that vacc...

T cell vaccination (TCV) is a method to induce resistance to autoimmune diseases by priming the immune system with autoreactive T cells. This priming evokes an anti-idiotypic regulatory T cell response to the receptors on the autoreactive T cells. Hence resistance is induced. To prevent the inoculated autoreactive cells from inducing autoimmunity, cells are given in a subpathogenic dose or in a...

Vaccination against AIDS is hampered by great diversity between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Heterologous B-subtype-based simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA prime and poxvirus boost vaccine regimens can induce partial, T-cell-mediated, protective immunity in macaques. We analyzed a set of DNA, recombinant fowlpox viruses (FPV), and vaccinia viruses (VV) expressing sub...