This study provides the first statistically significant evidence that mechanisms of how pair bonds are created or maintained differ between gibbon taxa. We examine bond in captive pairs three genera gibbons (Hylobatidae): siamangs (Symphalangus, N = 17 pairs), crested (Nomascus, 7 and pileated (Hylobates pileatus, 9 pairs). In part this study, we determine generally-accepted indicators pair-bon...

The name “Cetartiodactyla” was proposed in 1997 to reflect the molecular data that suggested Cetacea is closely related Artiodactyla. Since then, taxon has spread popularity, even outside scientific literature. However, implications of are confusing, because and Artiodactyla not sister-taxa. Instead, evidence clearly shows cetaceans a group embedded within Artiodactyla, sister-taxon equal rank....

Melatonin is catabolized both enzymatically and nonenzymatically. Nonenzymatic processes mediated by free radicals, singlet oxygen, other reactive intermediates such as HOCl and peroxynitrite, or pseudoenzymatic mechanisms are not species- or tissue-specific, but vary considerably in their extent. Higher rates of nonenzymatic melatonin metabolism can be expected upon UV exposure, e.g., in plant...

Introduction Conclusions References

Phylogenetics has gained in public favor for the analysis of DNA sequence data as molecular biology has advanced. Among a number of algorithms for phylogenetics, the fastDNAml is considered to have reasonable computational cost and performance. However, it has a defect that its performance is likely to be significantly affected by the order of taxon addition. In this paper, we propose a genetic...