With the advent of 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet Things (IoT), cloud computing, plus, and so on, data traffic is exploding higher requirements are put forward for information transmission switching. Traditional switching requires optical/electrical/optical conversions, which brings additional power consumption deployment large amounts cooling equipment. This increases cost complexi...

Generalized Multi-protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) technologies are expected a key technology that creates high-performance Internet backbone networks. There were many GMPLS interoperability trials. However, most of them reported the successful results only. How to set up a trial network and how to test it was generally not discussed. In this paper, as a kind of tutorial, detailed GMPLS field t...

In telecommunication networks, SONET self -healing rings are widely deployed as transport infrastructure. Typically, multiple rings are interconnected together to provide a large geographical coverage. A typical network-planning problem of traffic grooming deals with packing several TDM sub-channels into high-speed wavelength channels in a WDM ring with the goal of saving SONET equipment usage....

This contribution proposes for Recommendation G.812 (1) a holdover specification for Clock Type II that is consistent with the current specification of 10 per day and is not broken into aging, temperature, and initial offset components and (2) a modification to the output wander TDEV mask, to apply only to Types II and III, to make the mask consistent with the respective wander generation TDEV ...

W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA) is expected to play a significant role in the radio access technology of third-generation mobile telecommunication systems. In second-generation systems, voice traffic from each user has been transmitted mainly via the dedicated transport (radio) channel. In addition, the third-generation systems will efficiently accommodate data traffic based on packet transmission in th...

We propose a general, easy-to-implement scheme for broadband coherent perfect absorption (CPA) using epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) multilayer films. Specifically, we employ indium tin oxide (ITO) as a tunable ENZ material, and theoretically investigate CPA in the near-infrared region. We first derive general CPA conditions using the scattering matrix and the admittance matching methods. Then, by comb...

This document describes a method for controlling two specific types of Ethernet switching via a GMPLS-based User Network Interface (UNI). This document supports the types of switching required by the Ethernet services that have been defined in the context of the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) G.8011. This document is the UNI companion to "Generalized ...

SONET technology has made high-speed self-healing ring (SHR) architectures practical and economical for use in intra-LATA telecommunication networks. This paper reviews a class of SONET SHR architectures and their control schemes. The SHR architectures can be divided into two basic classes: bi-directional SHRs (B-SHRs) and uni-directional SHRs (U-SHRs). Bidirectional SHRs using four fibers and ...