iran’s culture is changing, and by these changes preference of fit body usually thin body is growing up among women. paying too much attention to fitness is the result of a consumer society, and to reach fitness and to have acceptable body size, women try different ways such as body building, aerobic, etc. so the current study aims to explore the social factors related with women’s tendency tow...

the current study aimed to investigate the attitudes of postgraduate students of physical education and sport sciences towards discipline diversity. the statistical sample included all physical education postgraduate students in 1385-86 semester from five public universities in tehran. the current study was a descriptive, survey-based study and data were gathered using researcher-made questionn...

this essay examines tendency of seikhmufid and seyyedmortaza towards mutazilitrationalismin fourt century (a.h.).to understand the roots of this attitude. although tendency towards rationalism of mutazili internally brought about a lot of arguments - because the basic principles of this sect were not consistent with rationalism dominating mutazila school - finally in fourth century (a.h.) under...

Following the era of the ‘golden age of marriage’ and the baby boom in the 1950s and 1960s, marriage has declined in importance, and its role as the main institution on which family relations are built has been eroded across Europe. Union formation most often takes place without a marriage. Family and living arrangements are currently heterogeneous across Europe, but all countries seem to be ma...

the goal of the present paper has been investigating social trust and the factors affecting it among women in three villages of three different iranian provinces. the two research questions of the study are: 1. how is social trust perceived by rural women? 2. what factors affect rural women’s social trust? the data were collected by distributing a questionnaire among a sample of 300 women comin...

Although human preference for beauty is common and compelling in daily life, it remains unknown whether such preference is essentially subserved by social cognitive demands or natural tendency towards beauty encoded in the human mind intrinsically. Here we demonstrate experimentally that humans automatically exhibit preference for visual and moral beauty without explicit cognitive efforts. Usin...

Premarital fertility is defined as fertility before the first marriage. In South Africa, in 1998, according to the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), about 65% of women under age 25 had had a premarital birth and close to 39% of all births were premarital. Although the total fertility rate had decreased drastically (down to 2.9), trends showed that premarital fertility was increasing. We inve...

When trying to understand the structure of a social network, the number of mutual dyads is often used to describe tendency toward mutuality (TTM). Only few works, however, deal with measures of TTM and only the work of Rao and Bandyopadhyay [Rao, A.R., Bandyopadhyay, S., 1987. Sankhya 49 Ser. A, pp. 141–188] compares between the different measures. This paper presents the different measures for...

background; reproduction is an important population concept throughout the world, and demographists consider it among four main life events. given iran's population growth policy, this study was conducted to assess the tendency to pregnancy in women in zanjan. method; from among health centers in five geographical districts in zanjan (north, south, east, west, and center), one was randomly...