BACKGROUND Neighborhood characteristics have been associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes, yet conceptualization of potential mechanisms is still needed. Census data have long served as proxies for area level socioeconomic influences. Unique information captured by neighborhood inventories, mostly conducted in northern US and Canadian urban areas, has shown important aspects of ...

The challenge of making a virtual world believable includes a requirement for AI entities which autonomously react to a dynamic environment. After the breakthroughs in believability introduced by modern lightning and physics techniques, the focus is shifting to better AI behavior sophistication. Avatars and agents in a realistic virtual environment must exhibit a certain degree of presence and ...

An experiment was performed on Britomart Reef (central region, Great Barrier Reef) to determine the effects of fish grazing and territoriality by the damselfish Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon on benthic algal community structure. This pomacentrid excludes herbivorous fish from its territory, creating undergrazed patches with characteristic 'algal lawns' within coral reef lagoons. Pieces of natur...

We investigate the behavior or males and females in an experimental Prisoner’s Dilemma game with a partisan audience. In each session, there are two same-gender groups, either both male, both female, or one group of males and one group of females. Groups are separated into two rooms; each period, the Prisoner’s Dilemma is played in each room. One player from the other room is seated across a ta...

The challenge of making a virtual world believable includes a requirement for AI entities which autonomously react to a dynamic environment. After the breakthroughs in believability introduced by modern lightning and physics techniques, the focus is shifting to better AI behaviour sophistication. Avatars and agents in a realistic virtual environment must exhibit a certain degree of presence and...

For many species securing territories is important for feeding and reproduction. Factors such as competition, habitat availability, and male characteristics can influence an individual's ability to establish and maintain a territory. The risk of predation can have an important influence on feeding and reproduction; however, few have studied its effect on territoriality. We investigated territor...

Intra-specific aggressive interactions play a prominent role in the life of many animals. While studies have found evidence for repeatability boldness, activity, and exploration amphibians, we know relatively little about consistent among-individual variation aggressiveness, despite its importance male-male competition territoriality. Amphibians, Neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) particu...

Prescriptive jurisdiction of states is based on principles such as territoriality, nationality, passive universality, and protection. Although to prescribe limited the territory relevant State, geographic scope application any legislation can be determined in an extraterritorial manner. Regardless intense discussions this issue, prescriptive not considered a violation international law. Decisio...