Tetanus is caused by the tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and is one of the most dreaded diseases especially in the developing countries. The current vaccine against tetanus is based on an inactivated tetanus toxin, which is effective but has many drawbacks. In our previous study, we developed a recombinant tetanus vaccine based on protein TeNT-Hc, with clear advantages over the toxoid vaccine in term...

Combinatorial libraries of antibody heavy and light chains derived from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of an individual immunized with tetanus toxoid have been expressed in Escherichia coli by using phage lambda vectors. Screening of the libraries allowed identification of a large number of human monoclonal Fab fragments specific for tetanus toxoid. Initial studies suggested considerable sequ...

Since 1966, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended tetanus-diphtheria toxoid (Td) be used instead of single antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) because, while both vaccines protect against tetanus, only Td protects against diphtheria. Despite this recommendation, approximately 2.5 million doses of TT were distributed annually from 1991 to 1997. One possible explanation ...

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34 kDa glycosylated protein with multiple biological properties. In addition to its role in cholesterol transport, apoE has in vitro immunomodulatory properties. Recent data suggest that these immunomodulatory effects of apoE may be biologically relevant, and apoE-deficient mice have altered immune responses after bacterial inoculation and increased susceptibility t...

OBJECTIVE The present study was carried out in healthy Thai subjects to determine the types and concentrations of standard antigens used in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing as an evaluation of cell-mediated immunity. MATERIAL AND METHOD One hundred subjects were tested with three antigens including tuberculin (purified protein derivative), tetanus toxoid, 1:10 and 1:100 diluti...

T cells have diversity in TCR, epitope recognition, and cytokine production, and can be used for immune monitoring. Furthermore, clonal expansion of TCR families in disease may provide opportunities for TCR-directed therapies. We developed methodology for sequencing expressed genes of TCR alpha and beta chains from single cells and applied this to vaccine (tetanus-toxoid)-responsive CD4(+) T ce...

Persistence of immune memory in humans is a crucial yet poorly understood aspect immunology. Here we have studied the effect Puumala hantavirus infection on unrelated, pre-existing by studying T cell- and antibody responses against toxoid vaccine antigens diphtheria, tetanus pertussis cohort 45 patients. We found that tetanus- -specific IgG concentrations elevate during acute virus infection. I...

The results obtained with the ELISA procedure in the international validation study on alternative methods for batch potency testing of tetanus toxoid vaccines for human use were reproducible, both within and among the participating laboratories that performed the tests. The ELISA procedure proved applicable to testing a diverse group of tetanus toxoid vaccines for human use, of different poten...

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are amending previous recommendations and making additional recommendations for the use of tetanus toxoid, reduced-content diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). Review of the results from clinical trials and other studies has revealed no excess reactogenicity when Tdap is given within a sh...

Booster immunization of normal individuals with soluble tetanus toxoid resulted in the ability of the individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes to synthesize immunoglobulin (Ig)G antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro when stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. The capacity for this in vitro antitetanus toxoid antibody response developed within 14 days after booster immunization, reached a peak between ...