Leishmania specific Th1/Th2 cells have been identified in humans as well as in mice. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of the infection and the cytokine response profile. Generally, the production of Th2 cytokines leads to severe infection, whereas the production of Th1 cytokines leads to subclinical or mild infections. In mice, an infection leads to a polarisation of either T...

Expression of the IL-5 gene is restricted to the Th2 subset of helper T cells. We have previously defined four cis-regulatory elements of the IL-5 promoter responding to PMA and cAMP in EL-4 cells. We now report that the 1.2-kb region of the IL-5 promoter directs expression of the IL-5 gene in a Th2 clone but not a Th1 clone, indicating that transcription from the IL-5 promoter is Th2 specific....

Pulmonary mycoses are often associated with type-2 helper T (Th2) cell responses. However, mechanisms of Th2 cell accumulation are multifactorial and incompletely known. To investigate Th2 cell responses to pulmonary fungal infection, we developed a peptide-MHCII tetramer to track antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produced in response to infection with the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. W...

BACKGROUND Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) is an important regulator of Th2 lymphocyte function and a potential immunotherapeutic target for allergy and asthma. A SNP in the ICOS 5' promoter in humans is associated with increased atopy and serum IgE in a founder population and increased ICOS surface expression and Th2 cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is unk...

Differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells is accompanied by chromatin remodeling and increased expression of a set of Th2-specific genes, including those encoding Th2 cytokines. IL-4-mediated STAT6 activation induces high levels of transcription of GATA3, a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, and enforced expression of GATA3 induces Th2 cytokine expression. However, it remai...

Current concepts of chemokine receptor (CKR) association with Th1 and Th2 cell polarization and effector function have largely ignored the diverse nature of effector and memory T cells in vivo. Here, we systematically investigated the association of 11 CKRs, singly or in combination, with CD4 T cell polarization. We show that Th1, Th2, Th0, and nonpolarized T cells in blood and tissue can expre...

Oral infection with the nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus H. polygyrus is entirely restricted to the small intestine. Although the evoked Th2 response has been extensively studied in secondary lymphoid organs, little is known about the systemic dissemination of Th2 cells or type 2 associated eosinophils and basophils. In this study we use bicistronic 4get IL-4 reporter mice to directl...

The TCR signals for the release of CD4 effector function are poorly understood. Itk plays an essential role in Th2, but not Th1, responses. However, when Itk is required during Th2 development is unclear. We followed the fate of Itk-deficient T cells during Th2 development in vitro and in vivo using an IL-4/GFP reporter. Surprisingly, a similar frequency of itk(-/-) CD4(+) cells differentiated ...

is the production of IL-12 by macrophages and dendritic cells responding to antigens or direct infection immune response; transplantation [3]. Polarized Th1 cells produce IL-2, IFN-c, and lymphotoxin. These cytokines promote the development of cytotoxic T cells, which support delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and facilitate anti-body-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) serving Twe...

The orphan receptor T1/ST2, a member of the IL-1R family, is preferentially expressed on the surface of murine Th2 cells. In this study, we analyzed the kinetics and function of T1/ST2 expression on Th2 cells in vitro. Whereas naive CD4(+) cells did not express T1/ST2, most CD4(+) cells became T1/ST2(+) upon repeated antigenic stimulation under Th2-polarizing conditions. Flow cytometric analyse...