The article is devoted to the little-studied problem of participation in Khotyn War 1621, which took place between Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire, principalities Moldavia Wallachia, dependent on Porte. author notes that during this Polish-Ottoman military conflict, decisive battle near Khotyn, troops rulers Danube participated hostilities. they themselves played an important mediating role pea...

The article highlights the regional version of Russian avant-garde, which developed in such an important artistic center Russia as Kazan, capital a vast region with multi-confessional and multi-ethnic population. reveals origins phenomenon main stages its development, due to historical events creation reorganization Kazan Art School, First World War Civil War, revolution 1917. author positions ...

since the advent of islam in central asia, several types of empires ruled on the region; the arabs empire (umayyads and abbasids), the ghaznavid, the seljuks, the mongols, the tatars, and the russians. the abbasids actual power did not last more than a century and a half and gradually independent states emerged at the eastern parts of the empire. the role of caliphate system was then limited an...