Bioenergy will be one component of a suite of alternatives to fossil fuels. Effective conversion of biomass to energy will require the careful pairing of advanced conversion technologies with biomass feedstocks optimized for the purpose. Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to useful energy products via two distinct pathways: enzymatic or thermochemical conversion. The thermochemical pathwa...

Solar direct, indirect and hybrid thermochemical processes are presented for the generation of hydrogen and compared to alternate solar hydrogen processes. A hybrid solar thermal/electrochemical process combines efficient photovoltaics and concentrated excess sub-bandgap heat into highly efficient elevated temperature solar electrolysis of water and generation of H2 fuel utilizing the thermodyn...

The binary MgO–ZnO and CaO–ZnO systems the ternary CaO–MgO–ZnO system were thermodynamically optimized with phase equilibria studies in this study. Bragg-Williams random mixing model was used for solid solutions, while Modified Quasichemical Model liquid solution. thermodynamic optimization conducted using Factsage 8.1 thermochemical software. diagrams fit well experimental results. performed a...

Ettringite-based thermochemical energy storage has been recommended to be used in buildings for thermal supply because of its low material cost (<1000 €/m3), working temperature and high capacity. However, several physicochemical properties ettringite were still not clear, such as reversible reaction enthalpies, thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetics the dehydration/hydration reactions. In this st...

As one of the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective method, anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely studied and developed as a conventional technology to degrade biodegradable materials and produce biogas simultaneously. Various substrate sources are used in this process such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), waste activated sludge (WAS), animal manures, agro-indus...

Various methods of water-splitting with use of solar energy are reviewed and compared to each other. Direct thermal method has the highest efficiency, but the difficulty is the heat-resisting materials. Thermochemical method is pro­ mising if the corrosion-resisting materi­ als are found. Electrolytic method is tra­ ditional, but the hybrid system combined with thermochemical and/or photochemic...

Two processes to effect splitting of the water molecule by means of an external heat source are competing for adoption, for the long-term production of hydrogen: high-temperature electrolysis, and splitting the water molecule through a succession of chemical reactions: a thermochemical cycle. Both processes form part of a strategy of voluntary reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions, and of alter...

We present a method to theoretically determine and predict chemical compositions at surfaces and interfaces as they emerge during deposition growth in complex environments. The method is based on ab initio calculations and permits an improved account of as-grown reactive surfaces. It also increases our understanding of binding in as-grown interfaces. The method could guide choices of growth par...

The 351.1 nm photoelectron spectrum of 1-pyrazolide anion has been measured. The 1-pyrazolide ion is produced by hydroxide (HO(-)) deprotonation of pyrazole in a flowing afterglow ion source. The electron affinity (EA) of the 1-pyrazolyl radical has been determined to be 2.938 +/- 0.005 eV. The angular dependence of the photoelectrons indicates near-degeneracy of low-lying states of 1-pyrazolyl...

One of the most pressing technological challenges in the development of next generation nanoscale devices is the rapid, parallel, precise and robust fabrication of nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate the possibility to parallelize thermochemical nanolithography (TCNL) by employing five nano-tips for the fabrication of conjugated polymer nanostructures and graphene-based nanoribbons.