n the previous 2 chapters, we developed the fundamental thermodynamic relationships and saw how they are applied to geochemical problems. The tools now in our thermodynamic toolbox are sufficient to deal with most of the phenomena we will encounter in the second half of this book. They are not sufficient, however, to deal with all geochemical problems. In this chapter, will add a final few ther...

Thermodynamic measurements reveal that the Pauli spin susceptibility of strongly correlated two-dimensional electrons in silicon grows critically at low electron densities--behavior that is characteristic of the existence of a phase transition.

We discuss the underlying connections among the thermodynamic properties of short-ranged spin glasses, their behavior in large finite volumes, and the interfaces that separate different pure states, and also ground states and low-lying excitations.

The crucial role of ambient correlations in determining thermodynamic behavior is established. A class of entangled states of two macroscopic systems is constructed such that each component is in a state of thermal equilibrium at a given temperature, and when the two are allowed to interact heat can flow from the colder to the hotter system. A dilute gas model exhibiting this behavior is presen...

This paper proposes three tests to determine whether a given nonlinear device noise model is in agreement with accepted thermodynamic principles. These tests are applied to several models. One conclusion is that every Gaussian noise model for any nonlinear device predicts thermodynamically impossible circuit behavior: these models should be abandoned. But the nonlinear shot-noise model predicts...