Since the pioneering work of Kolbe, electrochemistry and electrosynthetic methods have been a part of the repertoire of the organic synthesis toolbox [1,2]. In general, only electrons are employed as reagents or the reagents are electrochemically regenerated. Consequently, waste can be avoided, and limited resources can be used in a careful and economic manner. Because alternative reaction path...

Chemical gradients drive a diverse set of biological processes ranging from nerve transduction to ovulation. At present, the most common method for quantifying chemical gradients is microscopy. Here, a new concept for probing spatial and temporal chemical gradients is reported that uses a multi-layer microfluidic device to measure analyte concentration as a function of lateral position in a mic...

Even today, some types of fuel cells have been already used in practical applications such as combined heat and power generation applications and space vehicle applications. Though research and development activities are still required, the fuel cell technology is one of the most important technologies that allow us to draw the environment friendly society in the twenty-first century. This sect...

The development of experiments capable of probing individual molecules has led to major breakthroughs in fields ranging from molecular electronics to biophysics, allowing direct tests of knowledge derived from macroscopic measurements and enabling new assays that probe population heterogeneities and internal molecular dynamics. Although still somewhat in their infancy, such methods are also bei...

Fluid electrolyte solutions based on mixtures of butyronitrile (PrCN) and ethyl chloride (EtC1) with Bu4NPF6 or Bu4NC104 as electrolyte freeze below -180~ and provide excellent media for cryogenic electrochemical experiments. A 1:2 mixture of PrCN and EtC1 exhibits the best combination of freezing point and ionic conductivity for ultralow temperature electrochemistry. Diffusion coefficients for...

Electrochemistry and cell signaling are widely involved in the operation of biochemical systems. This article discusses the relationship of the two, as well as interconnection with a variety of other aspects, such as free radicals, receptors, and stereochemistry. Both endogenous and exogenous agents are involved. The electrochemistry deals with electrostatics, electron transfer, reduction poten...

A patterning method termed "RIPPLE" (reactive interface patterning promoted by lithographic electrochemistry) is applied to the fabrication of arrays of dielectric and metallic optical elements. This method uses cyclic voltammetry to impart patterns onto the working electrode of a standard three-electrode electrochemical setup. Using this technique and a template stripping process, periodic arr...

KEYWORDS Electrochemistry • gold • kinetics • radicals • voltammetry 2 ABSTRACT It has long been known that defects on a gold surface play an important role in electrocatalysis, but the precise mechanism has always been unclear. This work indicates that the defect sites provide partially filled d-orbitals that stabilize free-radical intermediates. Strong evidence for this hypothesis is that the...

The implications of organically-modified silica-based materials in electrochemical science is reviewed along with some selected recent trends in the field of functionalized and sol–gel silica electrochemistry. These recent trends include the electro-assisted generation of organosilica films on solid electrode surfaces, the preparation and applications of sol–gel derived composite (carbon, gold,...