Trunk neural crest cells are generated at the border between the neural plate and nonneural ectoderm, where they initiate a distinct program of gene expression, undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and delaminate from the neuroepithelium. Here, we provide evidence that members of three families of transcription induce these properties in premigratory neural crest cells. Sox9 acts...

Both neurons and glia of the PNS are derived from the neural crest. In this study, we have examined the potential function of lunatic fringe in neural tube and trunk neural crest development by gain-of-function analysis during early stages of nervous system formation. Normally lunatic fringe is expressed in three broad bands within the neural tube, and is most prominent in the dorsal neural tub...

a r t i c l e i n f o Geologists, physicists, and mathematicians have studied ripples and dunes for more than a century, but despite considerable effort, no general model has been proposed to explain perhaps the most fundamental property of their morphology: why are some bedforms straight, continuous, parallel, and uniform in planform geometry (i.e. two-dimensional) whereas others are irregular...

The differentiation of neural crest cells from progenitors located in the dorsal neural tube appears to involve three sequential steps: the specification of premigratory neural crest cell fate, the delamination of these cells from the neural epithelium and the migration of neural crest cells in the periphery. BMP signaling has been implicated in the specification of neural crest cell fate but t...

This paper examines spatial variations in the geomorphology of Ninety East Ridge (NER), located Indian Ocean. The NER is an extraordinary long linear bathymetric feature with topography reflecting complex geophysical setting and geologic evolution. research based on a compilation high-resolution bathymetric, geological, gravity datasets clipped for study area extent (65° - 107°E, 35°S 21°N): Ge...

The relationships of resting metabolism per unit mass of body to gill and body surface areas were examined by measuring gill, body surface and fin areas of carp ranging from 0-0016 to 2250g. There was a triphasic allometry for the relationship between gill area and body mass: during the prelarval (0-0016-0-003 g) and postlarval (0-003-0-2g) stages there was a positive allometry (slopes of 7-066...

[1] A map of north–south subkilometer-scale slope asymmetry on Mars obtained from statistical analysis of along-track MOLA topographic profiles reveals welldefined zonal belts of north–south slope asymmetry at 40–50 latitude in both hemispheres. In these narrow anomalous belts the pole-facing slopes are systematically gentler than equator-facing slopes. This asymmetry is especially pronounced f...

Reduction of risks due to overtopping coastal defences is an essential requirement for the design, management and adaptation structures. Extensive knowledge available on prediction smooth, sloping vertical impermeable seawalls. The existing methods provide less certain guidance combined wind swell conditions. This experimental study focuses characteristics seawalls under random bimodal waves. B...