Current study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts of two Solanaceous plants (Solanum nigrum and Solanum xanthocarpum) found in Pakistan. Petroleum ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water were utilized for extraction. The highest percentages of polar components of both the species were extracted by water; little amount of n...

Hybrid zones have yielded considerable insight into many evolutionary processes, including speciation and the maintenance of species boundaries. Presented here are analyses from a hybrid zone that occurs among three salamanders -Plethodon jordani, Plethodon metcalfi and Plethodon teyahalee- from the southern Appalachian Mountains. Using a novel statistical approach for analysis of non-clinal, m...

Abstract Exoplanet detection in the past decade by efforts including NASA’s Kepler and TESS missions has revealed many worlds that differ substantially from planets our own solar system, more than 150 exoplanets orbiting binary or multi-star systems. This not only broadens understanding of diversity exoplanets, but also promotes study complex systems provides motivation to explore their habitab...

Models of spatial interaction such as transport, migration, commuting and trade usually partition space into zones, to represent the receiving and sending end of the interaction. When zones encompass multiple locations, the partitioning causes an aggregation error (Hillsman and Rhoda 1978). The aggregation error increases with the size of zones. Aggregation errors can cause bias (Goodchild 1979...

In this expression, R is a lattice vector between a pair of unit cells: R = ua + vb + wc ; u, v, and w are integers and the dot product k R = kau + kbv + kcw . (In two dimensions, R = ua + vb and k R = kau + kbv .) At this point, we need to clarify the meaning of the vector k and find a way to define the twoand three-dimensional Brillouin zones. To do this, let’s consider the general, oblique, ...

The high hillsides of the Tehran metropolis are prone to landslides due to the climatic conditions and the geological, geomorphologicalcharacteristics of the region. Therefore, it is vitally important that a landslide susceptibility map of the region be prepared. For thispurpose, thematic layers including landslide inventory, lithology, slope, aspect, curvature, distance to stream, distance to ...

Toxoplasmosis is caused by intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908). Cats and other felids are the definitive hosts. It could be transmitted to man and animals by consumption of infected undercooked meat and contaminated food items including drinking water. Results of toxoplasmosis epidemiological surveys in animals and humans in South-West, North-West, No...