Environmental factors are determinant for the appearance of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in susceptible subjects. Increased iodine intake, selenium, and vitamin D deficiency, exposure to radiation, from nuclear fallout or due to medical radiation, are environmental factors increasing AITD. Cigarette smoking is associated with Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy, while it decreases ...

Graves’ Disease (GD) is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. It affects 3% female patients and 0.5% male usually between age 30-60. cause 80% hyperthyroid cases in USA. The pathogenesis disease complex autoimmunity plays a key role. antibodies stimulating thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) lead to uncontrolled Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) overproduction thyroid hormones from overactive gland....

Ophthalmopathy is one of the known presenting features of Grave’s disease. Its due to development of antithyroid receptor antibodies. Rarely it may be associated with thyroid malignancies developing in the Grave’s nodule. There are few case reports of patients with coexisting thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) and thyroid carcinoma. Sometimes it may be the presenting symptom of an occult thyr...

Amiodarone (AM)-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a condition with uncertainties from the diagnostic and therapeutic standpoints. A 54-year old male was referred to the hospital due to thyrotoxicosis. He had history of atrial fibrillation medicated with AM. No history of pre-existing thyroid disease was present, thyroid palpation revealed no goiter, and there were no signs of Graves' ophthalmopat...

Pediatric patients with Graves' disease (n=26) were studied longitudinally by magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits, allowing an assessment of the enlargement of the extraocular muscles and orbital volume variations. The positive outcome of Graves' ophthalmopathy correlated with low TRAb (autoantibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor) titers at diagnosis and during follow-up and wit...

OBJECTIVES To discuss our follow-up and treatment results in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). MA­TE­RI­ALS AND MET­HODS The records of 168 TAO cases who were followed at our clinic between October 1998 and October 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The severity and activity of the disease were evaluated according to the criteria of the European Group on Graves' Ophthalmopathy (EUGOGO...