Cost fun tions formulated in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) are nonsmooth in the presen e of dis ontinuous physi al pro esses (i.e., the presen e of \on-o " swit hes in NWP models). The adjoint model integration produ es values of subgradients, instead of gradients, of these ost fun tions with respe t to the model's ontrol variables at dis ontinuous points. Minimization...

The Random Forest Classi f icat ion Algorithm is a popular Ensemble learning algori thm which deals wi th c lass i f ica tion of da ta with given set of a t t ribu tes on the basis of majori ty vo tes f rom various decision trees o f that fores t (Bre iman,Cut ler,2004). Classi f ica tion on the basis of majori ty votes by the decision t rees i s not be best way to pred ict c lass i f ica tion ...

The rapid development in additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has brought about potential risk and security issues along with significant benefits. In order to enhance the security level of the 3D printing process, the present research aims to detect and recognize illegal components using deep learning. In this work, we collected a dataset of 61,340 2D images (28×28 for each ...

Domain adaptation methods aims to improve the accuracy of the target predictive classifier while using the patterns from a related source domain that has large number of labeled data. To solve the domain adaptation problem, we propose new simple and intuitive method that can improve the learning of target data by calculating the distance of each instances in source and target domain. We added d...

Divorce and end-of-union rates have risen sharply over the past thirty years, and a growing number of children have to cope with parental separation: one non-adult child in four among recent birth cohorts (box 1). Education, too, has changed radically over recent decades; it has been “democratized”—become accessible to all—and the period of compulsory education is now substantially longer. The ...

The performance of a new heuristic search algorithm is analyzed. The algorithm uses a formal representation (semantic representation) that contains enough information to compute the heuristic evaluation function h (n). as defined in the context of A *. without requiring a human expert to provide it. The heuristic is computed by �olving less constrained subproblems (auxiliary problems) of the gi...

There is surprising evidence that the number of unwanted pregnancies ending in abortions has held relatively constant in France for the past twenty years, notwithstanding the spread of modern contraceptive methods which can be assumed to be highly effective. We first review the circumstances of modern contraceptive prevalence, then attempt to identify whether it has been consistent across all s...

On 1st January 2003, the population of metropolitan France was estimated to be 59.6 million, plus a further 1.8 million living in the French overseas departments, bringing the total to 61.4 million [1]. The population in metropolitan France increased by nearly 290,000 people (+ 0.5%) in 2002. This was very similar to 2001, with a slight fall in the surplus of births over deaths (natural increas...

A method for analyz ing the structu re of the white backgr ound in docu ment images is describ ed, along with applic ations to the proble m of isolati ng blocks of machine -printe d text. The appro ach is based on computa tionalgeometry algorith ms for off-li ne enumera tion of maximal white rectan gles and on-line rectan gle unific ation. These suppo rt a fast, simple, and gener al heuri stic ...