BACKGROUND Inflammation increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We and others have described a role for TLR4, the receptor for LPS, in colon cancer. To explore the relationships between TLR4 expression and CRC, we combined the strength of transcriptome array data and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. METHODS TLR4 signal intensity was scored in the stromal and epithelial compartments....

Toll like receptors (TLRs) with a myeloid differentiation antigen (CD14) recognize and bind various structures from invading microbes and then trigger cell activation. They initiate a variety of effectors' functions, including cytokine secretion, proliferation, co-stimulation or phagocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to evaluate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 expression in childr...

Intestinal mucosal injury occurs after remote trauma although the mechanisms that sense remote injury and lead to intestinal epithelial disruption remain incompletely understood. We now hypothesize that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling on enterocytes after remote injury, potentially through the endogenous TLR4 ligand high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), could lead to intestinal dysfunction a...

We hypothesized that PU.1 and PU.1 interacting proteins (PIP) binding to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promoter is involved in endotoxin-induced upregulation of TLR4 gene expression. Our results employing chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that PU.1 binds to the murine TLR4 promoter both in macrophage cells and, most importantly, in whole lung tissue. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells w...

Hypertension-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis are critical in the development of heart failure. The activity of TLRs has been found to be involved in the development of pressure overload-induced myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. We wondered whether vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which activated TLR4 to elicit immune responses, modulated the pressure overload-s...

Myocytes are nonhemopoietic in origin and functionally essential in generating gastrointestinal motility. In endotoxemia, a rapid-onset nonhemopoietic mechanism potently triggers early ileus in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent manner. Moreover, synergistically with hemopoietic cells, nonhemopoietic cells escalate late ileus via an ...

Exposure to air pollutants such as ozone (O(3)) induces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are first-line effector molecules in innate immunity to infections and signal via adapter proteins, including myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88). We investigated the sensing of ozone by TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88. Ozone induced AHR in wild-type (WT) C57BL...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in the initiation of innate immunity and in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Using microarray analysis and PCR, TLR4 expression was observed to increase in murine skin wounds at the early stages. The cellular location of TLR4 was primarily in keratinocytes at the wound edges. The closure of excisional wounds was significantly delayed in TLR...

SCOPE The major receptor for β(1-3)-glucans on immune cells is considered to be Dectin-1 receptor. Particulate β-glucans induce stronger immune responses than soluble β-glucans by clustering of Dectin-1 receptors. Here, it was hypothesized that activation of other pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can also contribute to enhanced activity of immune cells after exp...

Abstract Innate immune sensing of microbial and endogenous ligands by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 drives inflammation antimicrobial mechanisms. While critical for host defense against pathogens, unchecked TLR4 activation causes organ damage chronic disease. Molecular mechanisms that drive versus turn off activity are being pursued as potential targets preventing treating infections inflammation-...