Babolsar eastern coastal dunes have been developed along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The studied area is coordinated in N36°43' to N36°44' latitude and E52°44' to E52°52' longitude. The objectives of this research were to: Study mineralogy and geochemistry of sand dunes, to obtain chemical alteration index (CIA) and its relationship to climate and mineralogy, to de...

The Egyptian new towns experience is among the most comprehensive and ambitious, regionallyand worldwide. Initiated as a governmental policy within a general strategy to tackle the multitude of problemsburdening Egyptian settlements in general and major and secondary cities surrounded by agricultural land. New townswere thought as an effective partial solution for the problems of: encroachment ...

Drawing on Elias and Scotson’s theory of established/outsider relations, in this paper we argue that migrants can be outsiders in one spatial context and established in another simultaneously. Our empirical focus is the situations and experiences of migrant workers from central and eastern European countries based in four towns in Wales. For one group of migrant workers, based inside the strict...

in this paper, we ask “can proximity to towns reduces poverty in rural areas?” for this study we have mapped all the villages in orissa. the study is based on small area poverty estimation methodology as well as the secondary data covering 47,395 villages and 109 towns. our main findings are (i) there is a relationship between the distance to nearest town and rural poverty and (ii) poverty leve...

The paper analyzes territorial modernization and the importance of the urban phenomenon for recent changes in the Amazon Region. Using the notions of “forest towns” and “towns in the forest”, this paper intends to understand diffuse urbanization, which is in progress, in a regional context. With this focus, it considers examples of urban forms and attributes regarding provisions for external ec...

BACKGROUND Population-level data suggest that economic disruptions in the early 1990s increased working-age male mortality in post-Soviet countries. This study uses individual-level data, using an indirect estimation method, to test the hypothesis that fast privatisation increased mortality in Russia. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we surveyed surviving relatives of individuals w...

Introduction Modern Europe has rural roots, even today, as much as 90 per cent of Europe (EU25) consists of rural areas in which half of the population lives. The different challenges that rural areas face range from restructuring the agricultural sector, remoteness, poor service provision and depopulation to population influx and pressure on the natural environment, particularly in the rural a...

It remains unclear whether spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the mental generation of a visual image (i.e. the arrangement of the component parts of a mental representation). To address this specificity, we recorded eye movements in an imagery task and in a phonological fluency (non-imagery) task, both consisting in naming French towns from long-term memory. Only in the co...

Abstract After remodeling the economies of the Western world all along the 1980s, deindustrialization abruptly hit the former socialist countries in the early 1990s. Deindustrialization with destructuring meant the disintegration of the economic structure and industrial cities, and regions entered a downsizing spiral of population loss after the breakdown of traditional industries, outmigration...