BACKGROUND Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in ...

When more than a single classifier has been trained for the same recognition problem the question arises how this set of classifiers may be combined into a final decision rule. Several fixed combining rules are used that depend on the output values of the base classifiers only. They are almost always suboptimal. Usually, however, training sets are available. They may be used to calibrate the ba...

Spike train distance measures serve two purposes: to measure neuronal firing reliability, and to provide a metric with which spike trains can be classified. We introduce a novel spike train distance based on the Lempel-Ziv complexity that does not require the choice of arbitrary analysis parameters, is easy to implement, and computationally cheap. We determine firing reliability in vivo by calc...

We present a method to estimate the neuronal firing rate from single-trial spike trains. The method, based on convolution of the spike train with a fixed kernel function, is calibrated by means of simulated spike trains for a representative selection of realistic dynamic rate functions. We derive rules for the optimized use and performance of the kernel method, specifically with respect to an e...

A GA-based train dispatching is presented in this paper. A model for the train dispatching on the lines with double tracks is established at first, the model can optimize train dispatching by adjusting the orders and times of trains’ departure from stations, and then the efficiency of the method is demonstrated by simulation at Guangzhou to Shenzhen high-speed railway.

different Δ shifts (A=0, B=3, C=2) in the slice encode direction for one sampling row Ky to the next. Corresponding k-space sampling patterns are also shown. All points belonging to a particular segment are acquired during a single readout echo train. Missing k-space points are empty squares whereas filled squares are acquired k-space points. Note that the length of the echo train is kept uncha...