Circulating monocytes and T lymphocytes extravasate through the endothelium at sites of developing atheromatous lesions, where they tend to accumulate and mediate the progression of the disease. We have previously demonstrated the presence of an enzymatically degraded, nonoxidized form of LDL (E-LDL) in early human fatty streaks, which possesses major biological properties of an atherogenic lip...

BACKGROUND It is known that the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiac surgery leads to leukocyte activation and may, among other causes, induce organ dysfunction due to increased leukocyte recruitment into different organs. Leukocyte extravasation occurs in a cascade-like fashion, including capturing, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration. However, the molecular mechanisms of inc...

As HIV infected individuals live longer, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing, despite successful antiretroviral therapy. CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes are critical to the neuropathogenesis of HIV as they promote viral seeding of the brain and establish neuroinflammation. The mechanisms by which HIV infected and uninfected monocytes cross the blood brain barrier an...

PURPOSE To identify the expression of junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and evaluate the effect of JAM-C targeting on CNV formation and on cellular functions relevant to CNV in vitro, such as macrophage transmigration, human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cell migration, and monolayer RPE permeability. METHODS JAM-C expression in CNV was analyzed ...

Vascular endothelium plays an important role in regulating the transendothelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In this study, the intracellular calcium ion ([Ca]i) signaling of endothelial cells (ECs) during PMN transmigration was examined at the single-cell level. Human umbilical vein ECs were cultured on a thin layer of collagen gel. The ECs were labeled with fura-2, immers...

Interstitial inflammation has emerged as a key event in the development of acute renal failure. To gain better insight into the nature of these inflammatory processes, the interplay between tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils (PMN) was investigated. A coculture transmigration model was developed, composed of human dermal microvascular endothelial (HDMEC) and human renal...

Vascular endothelium plays an important role in regulating the transendothelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In this study, the intracellular calcium ion ([Ca]i) signaling of endothelial cells (ECs) during PMN transmigration was examined at the single-cell level. Human umbilical vein ECs were cultured on a thin layer of collagen gel. The ECs were labeled with fura-2, immers...

Microcirculation is the primary mechanism for delivering lymphocytes to inflammatory tissues. Blood flow within microvessels ensures a supply of lymphocytes at the blood-endothelial interface. Whether the structure of the inflammatory microcirculation facilitates lymphocyte transmigration is less clear. To illuminate the microcirculatory changes associated with lymphocyte transmigration, we use...

Most existing evidence regarding junction protein movements during transendothelial migration of leukocytes comes from taking postfixation snap shots of the transendothelial migration process that happens on a cultured endothelial monolayer. In this study, we used junction protein-specific antibodies that did not interfere with the transendothelial migration to examine the real-time movements o...

Endothelial cell junctions are thought to be preferential sites for transmigration. However, the factors that determine the site of transmigration are not well defined. Our data show that the preferential role of endothelial cell junctions is not limited to transmigration but extends to earlier steps of leukocyte recruitment, such as rolling and arrest. We used primary mouse neutrophils and mou...