In this paper, we describe the effects of voluntary cage wheel exercise on mouse cardiac and skeletal muscle. Inbred male C57/Bl6 mice (age 6-8 wk; n = 12) [corrected] ran an average of 4.3 h/24 h, for an average distance of 6.8 km/24 h, and at an average speed of 26.4 m/min. A significant increase in the ratio of heart mass to body mass (mg/g) was evident after 2 wk of voluntary exercise, and ...

Effects on force of changes of the position of extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) relative to surrounding tissues were investigated in rat. Connective tissue at the muscle bellies of tibialis anterior (TA), extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and EDL was left intact, to allow myofascial force transmission. The position of EDL muscle was altered, without changing EDL muscle-tendon complex length,...

The arrhythmic breathing pattern of torpid female pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) was monitored using Doppler radar. A total of 98 h of radar measurements were made on 11 individuals over 17 experiments, during which time 974 apneic intervals were monitored, over ambient temperatures (Ta, degrees C) ranging from -1 to 14 degrees C, and body masses ranging from 4.6 to 7.4 g. As Ta d...

Muscles within the anterior tibial compartment (extensor digitorum longus: EDL, tibialis anterior: TA, and extensor hallucis longus muscles: EHL) and within the peroneal compartment were excited simultaneously and maximally. The ankle joint was fixed kept at 90 degrees. For EDL length force characteristics were determined. This was performed first with the anterior tibial compartment intact (1)...

[1] Site-specific transfer functions relating delta oxygen 18 (dO) values in snow to the average air temperature (TA) during storms on Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) were used in conjunction with dO records from UFG ice cores to reconstruct long-term trends in air temperature from alpine areas in the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Transfer functions were determined by using data collected from four se...

Various structures of Cu (50 nm)/Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5-3 nm)/Ta (2 nm)/Si were prepared by sputtering and electroplating techniques, in which the ultra-thin trilayer of Ru (2 nm)/MgO (0.5-3 nm)/Ta (2 nm) is used as the diffusion barrier against the interdiffusion between Cu film and Si substrate. The various structures of Cu/Ru/MgO/Ta/Si were characterized by four-point probes for their sheet resi...

Prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were first described as being designed to prevent plasmid loss in bacteria. However, with the increase in prokaryotic genome sequencing, recently many TAs have been found in bacterial chromosomes, having other biological functions, such as environmental stress response. To date, only few studies have focused on TA systems in phytopathogens, and their pos...

Global mean surface air temperature (Ta) has been reported to have risen by 0.74°C over the last 100 years. However, the definition of mean Ta is still a subject of debate. The most defensible definition might be the integral of the continuous temperature measurements over a day (Td0). However, for technological and historical reasons, mean Ta over land have been taken to be the average of the ...

The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway controlling human voluntary movements. After strong voluntary contractions, the efficacy of corticospinal transmission to elbow flexors is reduced for approximately 90 s, and this limits motoneuronal output. This reduction may reflect activity-dependent changes at cortico-motoneuronal synapses. We investigated whether similar changes occur in a leg...

In this paper the transfer function of a system with windowed current integration is discussed. This kind of integration is usually used in a sampling mixer and the current is generated by a transconductance amplifier (TA). The parasitic capacitance (Cp) and the output resistance of the TA (Ro,TA) before the sampling mixer heavily affect the performance. Calculations based on a model including ...