ali hossein najafi abrand abadi associate professor, shahid beheshti university mohammad jafar habibzadeh associate professor, department of law, tarbiat modares university abulfat'h khaleghi ph.d. student of criminal law, tarbiat modares university the imprisonment (custodial sentences) is the most common and expensive sanction in the criminal law, which has enjoyed hardly any success on ...

The flow around a tethered cylinder subjected to an incoming flow transverse to its main axis and confined in a channel is investigated by means of global stability analysis of the full coupled body–fluid problem. When the cylinder is strongly confined (ratio of cylinder diameter to cell height, D/H = 0.66) we retrieve the confinement-induced instability (CIV) discovered by Semin et al. (J. Flu...

Needs in more-efficient visible light sources based on quantum wells (QWs) requires the diversification of traditional optoelectronics’ materials as well as development of the cost-effective approaches for reliable quantum confinement engineering. Interdiffusion approach has a great potential to become a simple method for controlling the optical properties of QWs and diminishing the quantum con...

Rib waveguides have been fabricated in pulsed-laser-deposited Ti:sapphire layers using photolithographic patterning and subsequent Ar-beam milling. Fluorescence output powers up to 300 W have been observed from the ribs following excitation by a 3-W multiline argon laser. Mode intensity profiles show high optical confinement and the measured beam propagation factors 2 and 2 of 1.12 and 1.16, re...

Two-photon excitation with temporally focused pulses can be combined with phase-modulation approaches, such as computer-generated holography and generalized phase contrast, to efficiently distribute light into two-dimensional, axially confined, user-defined shapes. Adding lens-phase modulations to 2D-phase holograms enables remote axial pattern displacement as well as simultaneous pattern gener...

Measurements of the spatial distribution of bunched crystalline ion beams in the radio frequency quadrupole storage ring PALLAS are presented for different ratios of the longitudinal and the transverse confinement strengths. The length of highly elongated crystalline ion bunches and its dependence on the bunching voltage is compared to predictions for a one-dimensional ion string and three-dime...

In Gribov’s scenario in Coulomb gauge, confinement of color charge is due to a long-range instantaneous color-Coulomb potential V (R). This may be determined numerically from the instantaneous part of the gluon propagator D44,inst = V (R)δ(t). Confinement of gluons is reflected in the vanishing at k = 0 of the equal-time three-dimensionally transverse would-be physical gluon propagator D(k). We...

We investigate the infrared limit of the quantum equation of motion of the gauge boson propagator in various gauges and models with a BRST symmetry. We find that the saturation of this equation at low momenta distinguishes between the Coulomb, Higgs and confining phase of the gauge theory. The Coulomb phase is characterized by a massless gauge boson. Physical states contribute to the saturation...