Most models on settlement of open marine invertebrate populations are based on space-limitation. These models, however, do not recognise that free space may not drive the demography of populations when larval numbers are small or when larval supply varies along a gradient in the habitat. They also do not incorporate the effects of larval choice when settling. It has been hypothesised that, in g...

Planktonic larval durations (PLDs) affect the ecology and evolution of benthic marine populations through their effects on dispersal distance, the spread of sibling larvae, the level of larval mortality, and population connectivity. Despite the importance of PLDs, field estimates of PLDs in marine invertebrates are rare and restricted to specific taxa. The size of the first postmetamorphic feed...

Despite its importance, we still have a poor understanding of the level of connectivity between marine populations in most geographical locations. Taking advantage of the natural features of the southeast coast of New Zealand's North Island, we deployed a series of settlement stations and conducted plankton tows to capture recent settlers and planktonic larvae of the common intertidal gastropod...

Colonial America was not the Utopian haven sought after by so many discontented Europeans, but rather an uncultivated expanse, inhabited by hostile Indians, who resented the influx of the white man on their sovereign domain. Those who regarded American colonization as primarily a financial venture were soon disappointed, for no gold was discovered; the revenue derived from trade was insignifica...

It was extremely difficult for the deported peoples to adapt new natural conditions, and a ethnic environment, humiliating situation. K.D. Ushinsky wrote that influence of conditions on people is so powerful destruction these (and in this case separation) torments person with painful homesickness. A number government regulations established cruel special regime. Settlers scattered small groups ...