The protympanum, a final common pathway between the tympanic cavity and external environment, is gaining relevance due to the ease and completeness of visualization with angled endoscopes. Two primary conformations are described, quadrangular and triangular, and new anatomic structures such as the protiniculum, subtensor recess, and protympanic spine are defined. Surgical relevance of the proty...

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. Clinical features are recurrent otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation, with conductive hearing loss of varying severity. Experts dispute the duration of otorrhoea required to determine it as a chronic infection the World Health Organization's definitions suggest more than two weeks; others...

This paper reviews the diagnosis and treatment of temporal bone meningoencephalocele , defined as the herniation of meninges or brain tissue into empty spaces within the temporal i.e tympanic or mastoid cavity , through the tegmen tympani or antri respectively. Imaging is the mainstay of the diagnostic process. Management of the condition is surgical , special emphasis on the transmastoid appro...

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. Clinical features are recurrent otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation, with conductive hearing loss of varying severity. Experts dispute the duration of otorrhoea required to determine it as a chronic infection the World Health Organization's definitions suggest more than two weeks; others...

The discovery of an additional specimen of Sphenomorphus malayanus Doria, 1888 from Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia reveals that it is not conspecific with the type specimen from Gunung Singgalan, West Sumatra, 600 km to the south. The new specimen and an additional specimen previously collected from Gunung Gerah, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia, 56 km to the north...

Aberrant course of the internal carotid artery within the middle ear is a rare condition. Surgical interventions following clinical or radiological misinterpretations may lead to fatal complications. A 23-year-old female patient presented with a hearing impairment of 10-month duration. On otoscopic examination, the left tympanic membrane was intact, but there was a pulsatile lesion in the tympa...

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. It is predominantly a disease of the developing world. Clinical features are recurrent otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation, with conductive hearing loss of varying severity. Experts dispute the duration of otorrhoea required to determine it as a chronic infection the World Health Organiz...

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. It is predominantly a disease of the developing world. Clinical features are recurrent otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation, with conductive hearing loss of varying severity. Experts dispute the duration of otorrhoea required to determine it as a chronic infection the World Health Organiz...

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. Clinical features are recurrent otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation, with conductive hearing loss of varying severity. Experts dispute the duration of otorrhoea required to determine it as a chronic infection the World Health Organization's definitions suggest more than two weeks; others...

Myiasis is a disease caused by fly larvae and aural myiasis is a rare clinic condition often occuring in children or mentally retarded people. We report the case of an unusual presentation of a bilateral aural myiasis in a mentally retarded patient with bilateral chronic otitis media caused by the third instar larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica. Two larvae were located on the other ear canal while...