BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the hyaluronic acid (HA) binding assay in the selection of motile spermatozoa with normal morphology at high magnification (8400x). METHODS A total of 16592 prepared spermatozoa were selected and classified into two groups: Group I, spermatozoa which presented their head attached to an HA substance (HA-bound sperm), and Group II, ...

With all of the certainty of death and taxes, questions regarding the mechanisms of immunological tolerance remain fixtures across the landscape of immunology. From Paul Ehlirch’s “horror autotoxicus” (reviewed in ref. 1) to the current synthesis of tolerance by apoptosis, anergy, and receptor editing (2), the mechanisms of immunological tolerance remain, despite substantial research effort, en...

Unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) (liposomal AMB) reduces the toxicity of this antifungal drug. The unique composition of liposomal AMB stabilizes the liposomes, producing higher sustained drug levels in plasma and reducing renal and hepatic excretion. When liposomes release their drug payload, unbound, protein-bound, and liposomal drug pools may exist simultaneously in the body. ...

(Constrained Optimization of Multi-state Energies by Tree Search): A provable and efficient protein design algorithm to optimize binding affinity and specificity with respect to sequence. Section A provides a highly simplified, " toy " example of a multistate protein design calculation to demonstrate the operation of comets. Section B provides details of the methods used to compute lower bounds...