social capital that exists in relations among social actors and the existence of fortified civil society, with a modern, powerful and developmental state can advance the development process in developing countries with minimum damage and in shortest time. the elements are the three sides of one single triangle. if unity and balance exist and an organic relationship is made between those element...

Modern complex societies exhibit marked resilience to interannual-to- decadal droughts, but cultural responses to multidecadal-to-multicentury droughts can only be addressed by integrating detailed archaeological and paleoclimatic records. Four case studies drawn from New and Old World civilizations document societal responses to prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban aband...

In social groups where relatedness among interacting individuals is low, cooperation can often only be maintained through mechanisms that repress competition among group members. Repression-of-competition mechanisms, such as policing and punishment, seem to be of particular importance in human societies, where cooperative interactions often occur among unrelated individuals. In line with this v...

politics as an arena of macro decisions that influence on life of all human, from the start, connected to current thought in societies, but because that such conjunction done more according to necessity, events and or selectivity, therefore led to specific results for each two. in modern age, for the sake of birth of new age and its reciprocity with subjective and objective structures in past, ...

This papers analyses the causes behind Africa’s unfortunate transformation into the source of the world’s slaves over the early modern period. We discuss the economic and technological forces leading to it, and address questions such as why were most slave buyers Europeans and most slave sellers Africans. We then relate the discussion to the long-term determinants of African underdevelopment, a...

livestock have made major contribution to human societies by providing food, shelter, fuel, and services.  sheep and goat are economically important livestock play an important socioeconomic role for small and large farmers in libya.  small ruminant animal meat is popular for libyan customers, and demand is particularly high during religious and cultural festivals.  small ruminants is valued fo...