Universal scaling relations are of tremendous importance in science, as they reveal fundamental laws of nature. Several such scaling relations have recently been proposed for superconductors; however, they are not really universal in the sense that some important families of superconductors appear to fail the scaling relations, or obey the scalingwith different scaling pre-factors. In particula...

Vol. 10 No. 1 1998 The template facility within the C++ language allows the user to provide a template for a class or function and then apply specific arguments to the template to specify a type or function. The process of applying arguments to a template, referred to as template instantiation, causes specific code to be generated to implement the functions and static data members of the instan...

The Engine for Management of Adaptive Pedagogy (EMAP) is the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring’s (GIFT) first implementation of a domain-independent pedagogical manager. It establishes a framework within GIFT that adheres to sound instructional system design, while also providing tools and methods to create highly personalized and adaptive learning experiences. In this paper, we pr...

A framework can be viewed as a design schema from which application systems derive. Application systems of a framework are called instantiations of the framework and collectively form a product family. The article describes the development of a web-based time booking framework. The development consists of three main stages: meta level design, framework level design and application instantiation...

this paper considers development from social perspective. one of the most important aspects of development in every country which is also one of main goals of developments as well is to create equal opportunity for everyone in the society to reach higher scientific, cultural and social standards. for presence in the society, certain situations and equipments are needed to be developed step by s...