We analyze capability-seeking aspects of foreign direct investment by examining the relationship between upstream (technological) and downstream (marketing) capabilities and the choice between acquisition and greenfield modes of international entry. In analyzing 2,175 entries by British, German and Japanese investors into the United States, we find that for downstream capabilities, which tend n...

In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of water quality including monthly series of TDS, EC, So4, Cl, Ca and Na in common statistical period 1993-2014 was evaluated for the Karun River. This assessment is based on qualitative data stations including Susan in the upstream of Gotvand reservoir, Gotvand, Mollasani and Ahvaz in the downstream. To determine the parameters trend process,...

density or gravity currents have been always one of the main causes for sedimentation along many of the dam reservoirs. so controlling this phenomenon is very important for increasing useful life of such reservoirs. in this research study the effect of a combination of rough bed and obstacle on the control of sedimentary density current has been investigated. experiments were conducted in a til...

Most of the issues regarding desertification are always related to soil fertility and water quality [1,2]. Hence United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seriously globalized the issues of desertification in 1992. The developed and developing including hilly mountainous countries are the conference of the parties and so as Nepal [3]. The catchments in hill and Himalayan reg...

This paper analyzes the effects of specific and ad valorem taxation in an industry with downstream and upstream oligopoly. We find that in the short run, i.e. when the number of firms in both markets is exogenous, the results concerning tax incidence tend to be qualitatively similar to models where the upstream market is perfectly competitive. However, both overand undershifting are more pronou...

The central premise of this paper is that collaboration, and more specifically e-collaboration, plays a major role in achieving a sustainable competitive edge. In particular, we propose here to examine the relative efficiency of electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) tools and to assess the impacts of these tools on the innovativeness and performance of individual firms positioned along an ...

With economies of scale, a vertically integrated firm can lower its upstream cost by supplying downstream competitors. The competitors may strategically choose not to purchase from the integrated firm, unless the latter’s price for the intermediate good is sufficiently lower than those of alternative suppliers. In a simple model of dynamic scale economies through learning by doing, equilibrium ...

Most of the issues regarding desertification are always related to soil fertility and water quality [1,2]. Hence United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seriously globalized the issues of desertification in 1992. The developed and developing including hilly mountainous countries are the conference of the parties and so as Nepal [3]. The catchments in hill and Himalayan reg...