1. introductionhumans have actively managed and transformed the world’s landscapes for millennia. after the industrial revolution (between 1820 and 1840) with increase in sanitation, food security and quality of life the human population increased tremendously. urbanization, the demographic transition from rural to urban, is associated with shifts from an agriculture-based economy to mass indus...

High summer temperatures in extratropical areas have an impact on the public's health, mainly through heat stress, high air pollution concentrations, and the transmission of tropical diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the current characteristics of heat events and future projections of summer apparent temperature (AT)-and associated health concerns-throughout the southeastern Uni...

This study explores the impact of street pattern measurements on urban heat islands (UHI) in arid climate Mashhad, Iran. The Landsat-8 top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) brightness images from 2013 to 2021, average values normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) were calculated. Street measurements, including closeness-centrality, straightness, orientation, empl...

Globally, there is a rapid development of urban heat island (UHI) detection tools, and their results can be accepted regardless accuracy in measuring the real impact phenomenon. In this study, we investigated various UHI tools analysed findings to better interpret reliability. The current research adopted remote sensing field measurements including those using air temperature monitors thermal i...