Tracking and determining the amount and types of urban sewage that is being releasing to the environment is important in planning for wastewater treatment systems and water quality control. In this research, in four stations of Anzali Lagoon, (by means of a gas chromatograph device with mass detector spectrometer) wastewater pollution has been measured and evaluated with molecular indicator Lin...

the precipitation of calcium carbonate by bacteria isolated from submerged fixed-film bioreactorused for the treatment of urban wastewater in both natural and artificial media was studied. however, carbonate precipitation was detected only when the bacteria grow in media added with calcium. precipitation took place rapidly, and crystal formation began 3 d after inoculation and the percentage of...

This paper uses simple hydro-economic optimization to investigate a wide range of regional water system management options for northern Baja California, Mexico. Hydro-economic optimization models, even with parsimonious model formulations, enable investigation of promising water management portfolios for supplying water to agricultural, environmental and urban users. CALVIN, a generalized hydro...

Conventional urban water and wastewater systems owe their design in particular to 19 Century thinking on combating waterborne disease and maintaining hygienic conditions in cities. The success of these systems has been out-lived and they are no longer compatible with closed systems which seek to minimise the net use of resources, encourage local recycling, water conservation and source protecti...

Public support is crucial for successful implementation of wastewater reuse projects. This paper analyses the findings of a questionnaire-type survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of Israeli urban public towards possible urban reuse options. The paper summarises the support/objection to 13 reuse options and the correlation between support and environmental awareness and...

A quantitative microbial risk analysis-Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries watering their crops with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of <or=10(-4) DALY loss per person per year (pppy), equivalent to 1 percent of the diarrhoeal disease burden in developing countries, a norovirus reduction of ...

On-line monitoring of wastewater parameters is a major scientific and technical challenge because of the great variability of wastewater characteristics and the extreme physical-chemical conditions that endure the sensors. Wastewater treatment plant managers require fast and reliable information about the input sewage and the operation of the different treatment stages. There is a great need fo...

It is becoming increasingly accepted that the conventional approach to urban water resources management (WRM) is unsustainable and that securing urban water supplies for both anthropogenic and environmental uses requires a different approach. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a holistic approach that seeks to integrate the management of the potable water, stormwater and wastewater cycles t...

This paper examines potential uses of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification. These plants enhance the removal of pollutants by consuming part of them in the form of plant nutrients. This applies to urban and agricultural wastewater, in particular, where treatment units of different sizes can be applied at the pollution source. The effectiveness of wastewater purification ...