در بسیاری از آزمون هایی که ما انجام می دهیم ، برای رد یا تایید فرض صفر از p-value استفاده می کنیم . ما می توانیم در بسیاری از این آزمون ها به راحتی با چند آزمایش اولیه و تجربی ، برای پارامتر مورد علاقه ، یک کران بالا و یک کران پایین به دست آوریم اما با توجه به اینکه p-value تنها به مقدار مشخص شده و فرض صفر بستگی دارد ، نمی تواند به شایستگی از این اطلاعات برای گرفتن یک تصمیم بهتر و درستتر ، استف...

abstract the present study deals with a comparison between reactive and pre-emptive focus-on-form in terms of application and efficiency. it was conducted in an intermediate english class in shahroud. 15 male learners participated in this research and their age ranged from 18 to 25. a course book, new interchange 3, and a complementary book were used. every session the learners gave lectures o...

acknowledgements i wish to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me in preparing this thesis. i would like to express my deep gratitude to my respected advisor dr. kourosh akef, whose advice and comments helped me in the early stages of the research and throughout the writing process. i would also like to express my gratitude to dr. hajar khanmohammad whose invaluable guidance he...